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Galliformes and other animals for South America (ïðîäîëæåíèå)
JOrnitho: Hello! I'm back with ideas for some new species for South America. I found in my computer an archive with some ideas for fauna and flora that I had some time ago and decided to show there to ask your opinion about them. The first is about a descendant of the domestic chicken. [more]Copper jacumitan (Jacumita cuprinus) During the Holocene, the man introduced many species in other continents. The jacumitan is a descendant of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that are introduced in South America. It replaced the birds in the family Cracidae, which are extinct in the Neocene, in some areas. In a matter of fact, the name jacumitan is the junction of the words jacu, the popular name in Brazil for guans of the Genus Penelope, and the tupi word mitã (mitan) that means new, this way the name means “new guan”. The copper jacumitan is the type species of this genus and lives in the savannas and woodlands of Central South America. The copper jacumitan is sexually dysmorphic. The male measure 190 cm, due to the long tail, it has a bright coppery brown upperbody plumage and reddish-brown feathers below. They also have metallic dark green feathers on the tail and wings. Only males have a bright red naked skin on the face, with two wattles that conceal the sides of its head. This characteristic is shared by all males of the genus Jacumita. The males of the genus also have crests formed by white feathers with black tips. During courtship and panic moments, they rise the crests. The females have 75 cm of length and are cryptic brown and adapted to camouflage, its naked skin on the face is pale pink and don’t have flesh wattles. The young males are similar to the females until they reach 9 weeks, at this time the wattle begin to develop. Both sexes have long orange colored legs and grey beak. The males have spurs that they use in fights for dominance. The neck is long and slim. Copper jacumitans can fly, but prefer to run from the predators flying only as last resort. These birds are omnivorous and feed on insects, seeds, and fruits. Its forage for food by scratching the ground, usually near herbivores this way there is other animals observing for the presence of predators. Often the male sits on a high perch, to serve as a lookout for his group. He sounds an alarm call if predators are nearby. At night it will sleep perched on branches. Copper jacumitans are polygamous; the male will have a harem with 5 to 12 females and will guards the area where his females are nesting, and attack other males that enter his territory. To initiate courting, the males will dance in a circle around or near a female, raising their crests and lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. Then, he will vocalize and when she responds to his call, the male will mount her and proceed with the mating. The females make their nest in the ground, laying 6 to 14 red eggs which are incubated for 22 days. Chicks are precocious, leaving the nest shortly they are born. They fledge in about 4 to 5 weeks, and at 13 weeks old are chased out of the group by their mother, at which point the young males start to form a harem and the females join an existing one. Sexual maturity is reached at 6 months and the lifespan of this species is of 13 years, however is common for males to die early due to predation. Other species in the genus Jacumita are: Golden jacumitan (Jacumita aurea) Living in the forests of the Atlantic coast of South America, the males of this species has 200 cm of length, from beak to tail, while the females have 83 cm. The plumage of the male have a bright golden-yellow plumage in the upperparts, being scarlet in the chest and belly. They have dark metallic green wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Red jacumitan (Jacumita amazonica) Living in the "terra firme" forests of the Amazon , the males of this species has 185 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 70 cm. The plumage of male is bright orange-red in the upperparts, while their chest and belly is yellow. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Andean jacumitan (Jacumita andina) Living in the highland forests in the slopes of the Andes, the males of this species has 170 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 68 cm. The plumage of the males is white in the upperparts and yellowish-red in the belly and chest. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. This other one is about a descendant of the californian quail: Common austral grouse (Tetraoinus australis) During the Holocene, the man introduced many exotic species different habitats, the ancestor of the austral grouse was one of these species. Their ancestor was not a true grouse, but the Californian quail, due to evolutionary convergence they acquired characteristics similar to the true grouses of North America. Living in the forests of Southern South America, the male austral grouse are 55 cm long and the female have 44 cm of length. The male have a dark grey body plumage, black-and-white bridled head pattern, black back and a greyish-blue belly. They have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers that droops forward (long and black in males /short and brown in females) and long forked blackish tail with white undertail coverts. Females and immature birds are mainly greyish-brown with a light-brown belly. Both sexes have a black bill and relatively long grey legs. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects. In some regions their main source of food are the seeds of trees of the Genus Araucaria. These birds are not elegant fliers, however they sleep perched in branches. Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot. During the courtship, the male austral grouse do displays on a lek, each male have a “personal space”. The males strut around their chose space, doing a display. The display consists of the male posturing himself with the head near the ground. Then, they start to move it from right to left showing their crests, simultaneously they raising the tail feathers, showing their withe undertail coverts. After that, they will raise their heads abruptly and whilst make a highly distinctive mating call. When another male invade the personal space of other, a fight happens, in this case the male will try to take of the crest of the rival, this way they will not be capable to display for the females. The female usually lays approximately 12 spotted eggs. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground. Incubation lasts from 21–25 days, usually performed by the female and rarely by the male. The chicks are precocial, leaving the nest with their parents within hours of hatching. The male stay with the female until the young leave, with 3 months. The young reach sexual maturity with 1 year, with this age the young males acquire the coloration of an adult male. Their lifespan is of 27 years. In the forests of Tierra del Fuego another species lives, the Black boreal grouse (Tetraoinus nigrus). Their main difference to the other species is that the males have an all-black plumage, with only a faint shade of blue in the chest and brown undertail coverts. The females are similar to that of the common austral grouse. The males have 52 cm and the females 41 cm.[/more] I also have in this archive some names for possible species that I never developed bayond some few facts. Maybe someone could help me make their descriptions.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: I take the information hear in Russian site: https://4stor.ru/kriptozoologiya/90894-yuzhnoamerikanskie-mificheskie-suschestva.html that mithological creature ¹21 Ñêðûòûé òåêñò I still can't find the name of this creature in other sources. Some other Russian sites also call it as Viponi, Viluponyi and Viponyi. The idea for the Tupimanbi's descendant is interesting tough and this site have other creatures that could be good names for Neocene animals. wovoka ïèøåò: I need to think about it, I'll answer you tomorrow. Ok? Ok!
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: I forgot to answer this one! Yes, I think that it's possible to have such forests in this area. Ok, thank you! It is important information. The only question is whether Rio Salado will exist by the Neocene or will it dry up? JOrnitho ïèøåò: I still can't find the name of this creature in other sources. Some other Russian sites also call it as Viponi, Viluponyi and Viponyi. Maybe there a mistake? Maybe it's creature is from mythology of other south american indians? I think I just call it in guarani teju tomáte JOrnitho ïèøåò: this site have other creatures that could be good names for Neocene animals. I like the mapuche's kuchivilo - snake-hog (water hog) https://www.academia.edu/1010882/Etnozoolog%C3%ADa_Mapuche_un_estudio_preliminar it can be Chilean water peccary. And now about fishes: Sapelko can me the name of genus, and the species will have different name A: Itupu-sapelko herbivores fish (itupu - grass in Carib) - we can cross out this fish and leave only pàporo-sapelko B: Amòiky-sapelko - planktonvorus fish (Amòiky means "collect many small objects" in Carib) - it can be your Paradise salinopoecilia (but the name you can change to Amòiky-sapelko) C: Ìmempìkiwoto-sapelko small fish eating (Ìmempìki – very small; woto - the name of any fish) - we can cross out this fish and live only woto-sapelko, small fishes it will be eating while beeing whitebait. D: woto-sapelko medium fish eating - this fish can became piranha-like livebearers E: pàporo-sapelko omnivores fish (pàporo - means "everything" in Carib) it can be a little bit bigger than Paradise salinopoecilia F: mari-sapelko snails eating fish (mari - snail) pàporo-sapelko (omnivores fish) will be euryhaline species it will be eating not only water animal species but also sea salad in Maracaibo gulf and eating under water at the bottom thick creeping rhizomes of Murenu, rich in starch, and eating underwater mushroom in Catatumbo delta, but Cyculi will be eating pàporo-sapelko to protect waterlily. mari-sapelko - snails eating fish (mari - snail) could be euryhaline species and will specially swim in the Catatumbo delta to catch a large snail swimming in the water towards the waterlily. Or these snails can eat Ari-Tukunare? And then mari-sapelko we can also cross out! Than Ari-Tukunare should also be euryhaline. This is my opinion and what do you think?
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Ok, thank you! It is important information. The only question is whether Rio Salado will exist by the Neocene or will it dry up? We would need to search more about the region through where it flows, then compare with the region during the Neocene. Knowing where the river begins is also important. wovoka ïèøåò: Maybe there a mistake? Maybe it's creature is from mythology of other south american indians? I think I just call it in guarani teju tomáte Hahahaha! We could also call it teju karuyba. It means fruit (yba) eating (karu) lizard (teju). I think that it can be a good name. wovoka ïèøåò: pàporo-sapelko (omnivores fish) will be euryhaline species it will be eating not only water animal species but also sea salad in Maracaibo gulf and eating under water at the bottom thick creeping rhizomes of Murenu, rich in starch, and eating underwater mushroom in Catatumbo delta, but Cyculi will be eating pàporo-sapelko to protect waterlily. Since it's omnivorous, the Pàporo-sapelko could be similar to the Metynnis (silver dollars). wovoka ïèøåò: mari-sapelko - snails eating fish (mari - snail) could be euryhaline species and will specially swim in the Catatumbo delta to catch a large snail swimming in the water towards the waterlily. Or these snails can eat Ari-Tukunare? And then mari-sapelko we can also cross out! Than Ari-Tukunare should also be euryhaline. I think that the Ari-Tukunare is enough to fill this niche. We could leave the Mari-sapelko for other chapter and region.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Than Ari-Tukunare should also be euryhaline. I added these informations to the Ari-Tukunare's description.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Are there any gallery forests on the banks of the Rio Salado as she crosses the Chaco region? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salado_River_(Argentina) https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaco_Austral I forgot to answer this one! Yes, I think that it's possible to have such forests in this area.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: We would need to search more about the region through where it flows, then compare with the region during the Neocene. Knowing where the river begins is also important. Let's think it will not dry up! JOrnitho ïèøåò: Hahahaha! We could also call it Or Teju karutomáte JOrnitho ïèøåò: Since it's omnivorous, the Pàporo-sapelko could be similar to the Metynnis (silver dollars). Yes, I think it could! JOrnitho ïèøåò: I think that the Ari-Tukunare is enough to fill this niche. We could leave the Mari-sapelko for other chapter and region. I agree! JOrnitho ïèøåò: I added these informations to the Ari-Tukunare's description. Thank you!
JOrnitho: I finished the description of the woto-sapelko. What woto means? I need to add this information in the description. Wotowentame-sapelko, or Marine piranha-like livebearer (Parapygocentrus puniceus) Order: Cyprinodontiformes Family: Parapygocentridae Habitat:Tropical areas of the Atlantic Ocean, coastal waters and mangroves of South America. The Planktonic Collapse during the transition between the Holocene and Neocene had left several niches empty. Such a vacuum allowed new species to evolve to fill them. In such a scenario of empty niches, the livebearers (Poecilia) had a great diversification, with some becoming totally marine. One case is that of the the piranha-like livebearers, part of the new family, Parapygocentridae. While they are physically similar to the piranhas of the genus Pygocentrus, these livebearers are well adapted to the saltwater. One of the representatives of this group is the Wotowentame-sapelko, an inhabitant of the Tropical areas of the Atlantic Ocean, mainly in the coastal waters and mangroves of South America. Its name is formed by three words of the Carib language: woto (fish), wentame (eat) and sapelko ( the name of the Poecilia parae). The Wotowentame-sapelko have a length ranging from 35 to 50 cm, with females being larger than the males. Their body is rounded and pressed in the sides, giving it a disk-shape. They are gray with silver-flecked scales, being darker in the upperparts. The females have translucent fins with small red tinges. In the males, the fins are bright red. The anal fin is located after the anus, in the female it is pointed-triangular. In the male it is transformed into a tubular copulatory organ (gonopodia). Pelvic fins are slightly in front of anus, triangular and reduced. They are smaller in the male than female. The most impressive characteristic of this species are their razor-shaped teeth present in their mandible and jaw. These modified teeth allow them not only to eat plant material and algae, but also small fishes, crustaceans and squids. They are also scavengers, feeding off dead animals in the water. They locate dead and severely wounded prey through the smell. Wotowentame-sapelko live in groups but do not hunt in groups. However, like true piranhas, they can occasionally enter into feeding frenzies. In these cases, schools of these fishes will converge on one large prey, usually one that is wounded. individual and eat it within minutes. These attacks are usually extremely rare and are mostly due to starvation. They are polyandrous and breed all year round, with pregnancy lasting one month. A mature female gives birth to up to 100 tiny fry that are left to fend for themselves. Because of their predatory lifestyle, these piranha-like livebearers are more inclined to show cannibalism. Thus, all the young leave the school after birth. The fry hide in thickets of algae and water plants and grow rapidly, with three months they already have a length of 15 cm and start to gather in groups. They reach sexual maturity at the age of 10 months for males and one year for females. They have a lifespan of 7 to 15 years, but many are preyed upon before reaching this age. The pàporowentame-sapelko, or lesser piranha-like livebearer (Parapygocentrus nefarius) is another representative of this genus. They are small, with a size ranging from 15 to 20 cm. Pàporo means everything in Carib lamguage. Their body is rounded and pressed in the sides, giving it a disk-shape. They are gray with silver-flecked scales, being darker in the upperparts. The females have translucent fins with small yellow tinges. In the males, the fins are bright yellow. They inhabit the same regions that the Woto-sapelko, but their diet is different from those of their close relatives. These fishes can eat plant material, small crustaceans and fry, but they also feed on parasites and algae attached to larger marine animals. They’ll approach these animals in small schools and start cleaning them. However, their “good intentions” can become “villainous”. These fishes will occasionally pull scales and large pieces of meat.
wovoka: woto - the name of any fish in carib language
ìåäâåäü: Interesting fish!
wovoka: May be fe should rename the fishes wotowentame-sapelko? (woto - the name of any fish in carib language, wentame - eat in carib languge), so the name will be translating fisheating sapelko. And pàporowentame-sapelko (that's will be meaning omnivourus sapelko) Very good fishes!!!
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: May be fe should rename the fishes wotowentame-sapelko? (woto - the name of any fish in carib language, wentame - eat in carib languge), so the name will be translating fisheating sapelko. And pàporowentame-sapelko (that's will be meaning omnivourus sapelko) Good idea! I'll edit the description with these changes.
wovoka: So we have to describe: 1. Parerejài (bat in carib) - Dermanura phaeotis, could drink nectar of the water lilies, hunt some insects and occasionally eat the seeds and fruits of waterlily. 2. Korònaka taporoporo (undewater little mouse in carib) - Sigmodontomys alfari, small species of semi-aquatic rodent visiting the water lilies during the night in search of seeds and fruits, they could also be able to crack the armor of the Knight beetles. 3. Tukutuku (owl in carib) - an owl, that will hunt on water and other animals: water rodent, frog, crab, bat, Ai-Karala and even fishes. The ancestor Glaucidium brasilianum. It will be like fishing owls of the genera Ketupa or Scotopelia. This owl could dive. 4. Amapejàu - descendant of the Jacana jacana (the name in carib language) - will be eating frogs. 5. Cyculi or sungrebe-gardener- descendent of sungrebe (Heliornis fulica) (Cyculi - is the name of the bird in Guahibo language) sungrebe will eat the fruits of waterlily, and distribute it's seeds with droppings. It will be necessary to come up with some new properties for the water lily seeds, they will have some kind of tasty shell that is digested in the stomach of the sungrebe, and the seeds themselves will ripen under the influence of enzymes in its stomach. Those. without the sungrebe, the water lily will not be able to spread. The sungrebe itself, depending on the tasty seeds of the water lily, will protect the plant from overgrowth by other aquatic plants and algae, eating them so that they do not clog waterlilly, this way the bird will clear the living space for the water lily, and will also eat herbivorous fishes that want to eat up under water at the bottom thick creeping rhizomes of waterlilies, rich in starch. The second name of the bird will be sungrebe-gardener, for the fact that he monitors the harvest of water lily fruits. 6. Arakaka - Guiana wood turtle, scorpion mud turtle, galap (Rhinoclemmys punctularia) - sometimes found in Lake Maracaibo, we can give this name arakaka to Rhinoclemmys diademata (the endemic of Maracaibo) (I'll describe) 7. Poporu (frog in carib) - Pipa parva. Poporu will also try to oviposite on leaves of Murenu before eating caviar of Apeina, Amapejàu will hunt the Poporu just in time when it's spawning. Cyculi and Amapejàu will not be aggressive to each other. Poporu also will be the food for Kotooro and Arakaka. 8. Kariwiri - the Carib name off unknown fish from the Characidae family, this name we will give to scooling cardinal tetra. will be anadromous will lay eggs in fresh water 9. Apeina - (what means stream in carib language) archer fish-like ciclid (the ancestor will be Andinoacara pulcher very beautiful local fish with local name Acara, that mean stream) Invertebrates 10. Parare - mantid in Carib language. undescribed In the flowers of waterlily will be living female of local mantis the oviposit there and in the same time hunting on the bees that pollinating the flowers. The fish will be eating mantis before spawning and fish fry will eat mantis eggs. The mantis female will be very productive to oviposit as more eggs, then at list several eggs stay uneaten by fry. The ancestor of mantis will be Stagmatoptera septentrionalis or may be better Choeradodis rhombicollis (but it's live far from Maracaibo lake, but may be it will migrate to that region). But it will look like Pseudocreobotra wahlbergii or even more beautiful like a water lily petal. 11. Maba - in arawak language called Melipona favosa what is translated honey will pollinate Mureru undescribed (I will describe) 12. Mureru tano, or Knight beetle. - the biggest waterlilia Victoria Amazonica is pollinated by beetles Cyclocephala hardyi, will pollinate Mureru https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2803590/ and will have exosceleton like an ant Acromyrmex echinatior - it has something like knight metal armor - biomineral exoskeleton with CaMg(CO3)2 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19566-3 13. Kiwisukiri (carib language of unknown snail) for Catatumbo delta snail Pomacea canaliculata which will eat the leaves of waterlily and oviposite in it's leaves. The Kotooro will eats the snail, the fry of Apeina will eat it's eggs. Plants 14. Ocumo - Xanthosoma sagittifolium - with edible leaves, stems and tubers. Huge thickets of this plant will grow around the entire lake and all local herbivores will come to eat it, especially barocavias and cabiai-pyinko. Ocumo is the name of this plant in Panare language, which belongs to the Carib family. 15. Mureru - waterlily in Carib, descendant usual Nymphaea alba invasive from Europe but it can evolve to the form of Victoria amazonica. 17. Tuna sapipi - (tuna - water in carib and sapipi - means mushroom in carib). There is such a water mushroom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psathyrella_aquatica Mushrooms of the genus Psathyrella also exist in South America. The closest to Maracaibo region Psathyrella candolleana - map of areal https://www.gbif.org/species/9201176 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candolleomyces_candolleanus The idea is to make this mushroom undewater in Catatumbo and to make symbiosis with waterlily. May be it can make mycorrhiza with waterlily? And these mushrooms will be eating our water rodent - Korònaka taporoporo and may be some fishes.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: So we have to describe: I'll describe the vertebrates, but I'm not sure if my description of plants and insects would be good. Perhaps someone else could do that?
wovoka: I'll see what could I do. But the description of waterlily and undewater mushroom will be difficult. Biolog could help, but unfortunately he left the forum.
JOrnitho: I finished the description of the diving mouse. I'll work in the one of the bat tomorrow. Korònaka taporoporo, or little diving mouse (Neustomys nigripes) Order:Rodentia Family:Cricetidae Habitat: Catatumbo Delta, water reeds and other aquatic vegetation. For the survivors of the extinctions of the Holocene, the Neocene gave the opportunity for them to evolve into new species. The Alfaro's rice water rat (Sigmodontomys alfari) was one of these survivors. It’s the ancestor of the Korònaka taporoporo, a rodent adapted to live in the flooded areas of the Catatumbo Delta, making its nests in the aquatic vegetation. In carib language, its name means underwater little mouse. Such name perfectly matches their lifestyle: these animals are capable of diving underwater to search for food and to escape from predators. The Korònaka taporoporo is a very small rodent, with an adult length of 9 to 10 cm, not including the tail, which have the same length as the body. Their dorsal fur is dark gray, while the ventral is white. The tail has very short fur, becoming white in the basal part. The scales become visible in the distal part. They have well developed interdigital membranes and short ungual tufts. The upper part of the feet are covered by dark gray hair. The females have four pairs of mamae. This rodent takes both vegetable and animal food, and is more carnivorous than most small rodents are. They feed on seeds, fruits and sprouts of water plants, but have more preference for small fishes, snails, crustaceans and fry. To reach these prey, the Korònaka taporoporo will dive after them. They are accomplished and willing swimmers, easily swimming more than 10 m under water. They'll often seek safety in the water when alarmed, jumping from vegetation directly on it. Korònaka taporoporo are active during the night, expending the day resting in their nests, which are made of sedge and grass, about 13 cm large and placed high in aquatic vegetation. They are aggressive towards conspecifics and emit high-pitched squeaks while fighting. These rodents only tolerate each other when breeding, but the female will chase the male away shortly after copulating. They breed during the entire year, but more births happen during the dry season. After a gestation of about 25 days, three to five young are usually born, although litter sizes vary from one to seven. Females may have up to ten litters a year. Newborns are blind and almost naked. The external ears soon unfold and on the first day, claws are visible and the young emit high-pitched squeaks. On the second day, they are able to crawl, and during the third to fifth days, the whiskers and eyelids develop. On the two subsequent days, the mammae and incisors become visible and the animals become more active. Between the eighth and 11th days, the eyes open, the fur develops, and the young begin to take solid food. Weaning occurs on the 11th to 20th day, and they become independent after the 30th day. Sexual activity commences when the animals are about 50 to 60 days old. Their lifespan is less than a year.
ëÿãóøêà: JOrnitho Good and original animal!
wovoka: Very interesting rodent!
wovoka: JOrnitho, You were writing: What do you think if there is relationship between the bat and the mouse when feeding of this fruit? The skin of the fruit could be a bit thick, taking so much effort of the bats to open it. The rodent would come first, openning the skin. Then the bats would consume the rest that was left open. In this case the consumption of these fruits would be more opportunistic. May be it can be some other forms of symbiosis between bat and underwater rodent? Or we can think about it, when I describe a waterlily? Now I'm trying to describe the malanga https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthosoma_sagittifolium But it a little bit difficult, because I'm not botanist.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: May be it can be some other forms of symbiosis between bat and underwater rodent? I was going to add it in the bat's description, but we can think in other things besides this one. Do you have any idea? Maybe the bats can use abandoned mouse's nests by enlarging them?
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Now I'm trying to describe the malanga https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthosoma_sagittifolium But it a little bit difficult, because I'm not botanist. I also struggle with the description of plants. What do you want to do with it? Any characteristic different from their ancestors?
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