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Galliformes and other animals for South America (ïðîäîëæåíèå)
JOrnitho: Hello! I'm back with ideas for some new species for South America. I found in my computer an archive with some ideas for fauna and flora that I had some time ago and decided to show there to ask your opinion about them. The first is about a descendant of the domestic chicken. [more]Copper jacumitan (Jacumita cuprinus) During the Holocene, the man introduced many species in other continents. The jacumitan is a descendant of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that are introduced in South America. It replaced the birds in the family Cracidae, which are extinct in the Neocene, in some areas. In a matter of fact, the name jacumitan is the junction of the words jacu, the popular name in Brazil for guans of the Genus Penelope, and the tupi word mitã (mitan) that means new, this way the name means “new guan”. The copper jacumitan is the type species of this genus and lives in the savannas and woodlands of Central South America. The copper jacumitan is sexually dysmorphic. The male measure 190 cm, due to the long tail, it has a bright coppery brown upperbody plumage and reddish-brown feathers below. They also have metallic dark green feathers on the tail and wings. Only males have a bright red naked skin on the face, with two wattles that conceal the sides of its head. This characteristic is shared by all males of the genus Jacumita. The males of the genus also have crests formed by white feathers with black tips. During courtship and panic moments, they rise the crests. The females have 75 cm of length and are cryptic brown and adapted to camouflage, its naked skin on the face is pale pink and don’t have flesh wattles. The young males are similar to the females until they reach 9 weeks, at this time the wattle begin to develop. Both sexes have long orange colored legs and grey beak. The males have spurs that they use in fights for dominance. The neck is long and slim. Copper jacumitans can fly, but prefer to run from the predators flying only as last resort. These birds are omnivorous and feed on insects, seeds, and fruits. Its forage for food by scratching the ground, usually near herbivores this way there is other animals observing for the presence of predators. Often the male sits on a high perch, to serve as a lookout for his group. He sounds an alarm call if predators are nearby. At night it will sleep perched on branches. Copper jacumitans are polygamous; the male will have a harem with 5 to 12 females and will guards the area where his females are nesting, and attack other males that enter his territory. To initiate courting, the males will dance in a circle around or near a female, raising their crests and lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. Then, he will vocalize and when she responds to his call, the male will mount her and proceed with the mating. The females make their nest in the ground, laying 6 to 14 red eggs which are incubated for 22 days. Chicks are precocious, leaving the nest shortly they are born. They fledge in about 4 to 5 weeks, and at 13 weeks old are chased out of the group by their mother, at which point the young males start to form a harem and the females join an existing one. Sexual maturity is reached at 6 months and the lifespan of this species is of 13 years, however is common for males to die early due to predation. Other species in the genus Jacumita are: Golden jacumitan (Jacumita aurea) Living in the forests of the Atlantic coast of South America, the males of this species has 200 cm of length, from beak to tail, while the females have 83 cm. The plumage of the male have a bright golden-yellow plumage in the upperparts, being scarlet in the chest and belly. They have dark metallic green wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Red jacumitan (Jacumita amazonica) Living in the "terra firme" forests of the Amazon , the males of this species has 185 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 70 cm. The plumage of male is bright orange-red in the upperparts, while their chest and belly is yellow. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Andean jacumitan (Jacumita andina) Living in the highland forests in the slopes of the Andes, the males of this species has 170 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 68 cm. The plumage of the males is white in the upperparts and yellowish-red in the belly and chest. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. This other one is about a descendant of the californian quail: Common austral grouse (Tetraoinus australis) During the Holocene, the man introduced many exotic species different habitats, the ancestor of the austral grouse was one of these species. Their ancestor was not a true grouse, but the Californian quail, due to evolutionary convergence they acquired characteristics similar to the true grouses of North America. Living in the forests of Southern South America, the male austral grouse are 55 cm long and the female have 44 cm of length. The male have a dark grey body plumage, black-and-white bridled head pattern, black back and a greyish-blue belly. They have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers that droops forward (long and black in males /short and brown in females) and long forked blackish tail with white undertail coverts. Females and immature birds are mainly greyish-brown with a light-brown belly. Both sexes have a black bill and relatively long grey legs. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects. In some regions their main source of food are the seeds of trees of the Genus Araucaria. These birds are not elegant fliers, however they sleep perched in branches. Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot. During the courtship, the male austral grouse do displays on a lek, each male have a “personal space”. The males strut around their chose space, doing a display. The display consists of the male posturing himself with the head near the ground. Then, they start to move it from right to left showing their crests, simultaneously they raising the tail feathers, showing their withe undertail coverts. After that, they will raise their heads abruptly and whilst make a highly distinctive mating call. When another male invade the personal space of other, a fight happens, in this case the male will try to take of the crest of the rival, this way they will not be capable to display for the females. The female usually lays approximately 12 spotted eggs. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground. Incubation lasts from 21–25 days, usually performed by the female and rarely by the male. The chicks are precocial, leaving the nest with their parents within hours of hatching. The male stay with the female until the young leave, with 3 months. The young reach sexual maturity with 1 year, with this age the young males acquire the coloration of an adult male. Their lifespan is of 27 years. In the forests of Tierra del Fuego another species lives, the Black boreal grouse (Tetraoinus nigrus). Their main difference to the other species is that the males have an all-black plumage, with only a faint shade of blue in the chest and brown undertail coverts. The females are similar to that of the common austral grouse. The males have 52 cm and the females 41 cm.[/more] I also have in this archive some names for possible species that I never developed bayond some few facts. Maybe someone could help me make their descriptions.
ëÿãóøêà: JOrnitho I just wanted to say this to you. But without interesting primitive anatomy there is no reason to call your species "revived Pampaphoneus". It will be just carnivorous opossum from Andes. We also can't "revive" Pampaphoneus because we know only its skull and csn not restore behaviour, diet and even appearance of this animal.
wovoka: So now we have to describe for Marvelous forest. Pukutenti ka’awanaku (forest litopternoagouti) - from agouti. Pukutirai gaba (neocladosiktis) - from opossum. Tiriba - from Brotogeris tirica Karumboi (in tapiete - he eats snake) - from mongoose. But I think he would be not like real mongoose, he would be like Galidia elegans (also red, but not only with a striped tail, but with a completely striped body, only with ginger head). I think, given into consideration the colonization of South America by opossums, it will lead to the settlement of this animal throughout the continent and to the evolutionary radiation of mongooses, forms of different sizes, colors and with different diets will appear. We need to describe at least 7-10 species from the size of a bear (bear mongoose, hunts giant boas, very long poisonous snakes, huge tegus, although it can even hunt deers) to the size of a mouse (a mouse mongoose, will catch ticks in the grass or forest floor), with different colors: black, brown, gray, red, yellow, striped, spotted (with small spots, with large spots), multi-colored, mongooses with bushy tails like bushy-tailed mongoose. A bear mongoose, as we have already discussed, will be pursued at a respectful distance by a bear opossum, mainly a scavenger, eating up the remains of bear mongoose food, we can also make a small or middle sized mongoose with saber teeth - an armadillo hunter, but in other places than neocladosiktis, and we said about the analogue of meerkats. It can be weasel like mongoose, eating birds and their eggs on trees, it can be something like Liberiictis kuhni with long nose eating earthworms, it can be something with with pig nose like Arctonyx collaris, in can be something like kusimanse - eating termites. Something like that. It can be a lot of forms.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: So now we have to describe for Marvelous forest. Pukutenti ka’awanaku (forest litopternoagouti) - from agouti. Pukutirai gaba (neocladosiktis) - from opossum. Tiriba - from Brotogeris tirica Karumboi (in tapiete - he eats snake) - from mongoose. But I think he would be not like real mongoose, he would be like Galidia elegans (also red, but not only with a striped tail, but with a completely striped body, only with ginger head). Ok! I'll work on them. wovoka ïèøåò: I think, given into consideration the colonization of South America by opossums, it will lead to the settlement of this animal throughout the continent and to the evolutionary radiation of mongooses, forms of different sizes, colors and with different diets will appear. We need to describe at least 7-10 species from the size of a bear (bear mongoose, hunts giant boas, very long poisonous snakes, huge tegus, although it can even hunt deers) to the size of a mouse (a mouse mongoose, will catch ticks in the grass or forest floor), with different colors: black, brown, gray, red, yellow, striped, spotted (with small spots, with large spots), multi-colored, mongooses with bushy tails like bushy-tailed mongoose. A bear mongoose, as we have already discussed, will be pursued at a respectful distance by a bear opossum, mainly a scavenger, eating up the remains of bear mongoose food, we can also make a small or middle sized mongoose with saber teeth - an armadillo hunter, but in other places than neocladosiktis, and we said about the analogue of meerkats. It can be weasel like mongoose, eating birds and their eggs on trees, it can be something like Liberiictis kuhni with long nose eating earthworms, it can be something with with pig nose like Arctonyx collaris, in can be something like kusimanse - eating termites. Something like that. It can be a lot of forms. I don’t know if it's possible to have so many predators in South America. A balanced ecosystem can't have many species filling the same niche. The bear-like Macrokupara inhabits the Amazon, so the bear mongoose would need to live only in the savannas. Rather than having a bear-like opossum following them, maybe we could have something different and smaller that don't fill the same niche. Regarding the mouse sized opossum, they would probably replace small marsupials such as Monodelphis. These small animals could also hunt rodents. I like the idea of anteater-like mongoose, perhaps feeding on ant hills and termite mounds that were open by larger insectivores.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: I don’t know if it's possible to have so many predators in South America. A lot of them will be specialized on eating snakes and arachnids, but with different sizes. JOrnitho ïèøåò: bear mongoose would need to live only in the savannas I thought he will live in Andes. JOrnitho ïèøåò: Rather than having a bear-like opossum following them, maybe we could have something different and smaller that don't fill the same niche. It will be smaller and niche is different the first is hunter, the second is scavenger. JOrnitho ïèøåò: Regarding the mouse sized opossum, they would probably replace small marsupials such as Monodelphis This opossum will be very little specialized on eating ticks and there nymphs and may be little spiders in the grass or forest floor. JOrnitho ïèøåò: I like the idea of anteater-like mongoose, perhaps feeding on ant hills and termite mounds that were open by larger insectivores. But I forgot, we have armadillo anteater. How they will share the same niche?
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: I thought he will live in Andes. It will be smaller and niche is different the first is hunter, the second is scavenger. This makes me think of the Jungle Book, with how the jackal Tabaki followed Sherekan. The opossum could have the size of one of these canids and have opportunistic diet in the Andean Plateau. wovoka ïèøåò: This opossum will be very little specialized on eating ticks and there nymphs and may be little spiders in the grass or forest floor. Or the Monodelphis evolve in these mouse-sized opossum. Also, if there is small mongoose with similar size, they could have evolved to hunt solely scorpions, centipedes and maybe poison dart frogs. wovoka ïèøåò: But I forgot, we have armadillo anteater. How they will share the same niche? I think that it'll not be possible.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: Monodelphis I was trying to check: Monodelphis seems not eat ticks, mongoose eat ticks, so we can do two species of mouse-sized opossum one smaller & one bigger: the first eating ticks and little spiders, second: scorpions, centipedes and poison dart frogs. JOrnitho ïèøåò: I think that it'll not be possible. Then it will not be termite eating mongoose. But it can be sable-toothed armadillo eating mongoose.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: I was trying to check: Monodelphis seems not eat ticks, mongoose eat ticks, so we can do to species of mouse-sized opossum one smaller & one bigger^ the first eating ticks and little spiders, second: scorpions, centipedes and poison dart frogs. This works. Besides, Monodelphis is nocturnal, while mongoose would be more active during the day. wovoka ïèøåò: Then it will not be termite eating mongoose. But it can be sable-toothed armadillo eating mongoose. Yes! There could be some species of armadillo that are more defensive, like the Tolypeutes. The mongoose could be adapted to break their defense.
wovoka: JOrnitho, we were talking about the bestiary of delta Orinoco. I found such a list of the animals of that region https://ospreyexpeditions.com/amazing-animals-of-orinoco/ Will you help me to fill the niches of extincting animals? 1. Ara ararauna - will extinct to neocene. (who can take his niche?) 2. Ramphastos tucanus - vulnerable, can extinct to neocene. (who can take his niche?) 3. Opisthocomus hoazin - has the chance to survive (but how he will evolve) 4. Chloroceryle amazona - will survive, but I want to make him much more bigger. 5. Bradypus variegatus - - will extinct to neocene. (I want to fill his niche by some tree rodent, with the same strategy of loving with making gardens of algae on the body https://elementy.ru/kartinka_dnya/630/Lenivets_i_ego_vodorosli) 6. Pteronura brasiliensis - will extinct, we decided to settle there eiba - will be main hero of chapter. 7. Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris - barocavia 8. Myrmecophaga tridactyla - will extinct (may be we take some rodent to fill it niche here). 9. Crocodylus intermedius - will extinct (who can take his niche?) 10. Caiman crocodilus - can survive (i wated to make tree caiman https://sivatherium.borda.ru/?1-0-1686289245043-00000147-000-10001-0#004.001.001 (before this description was a long discussion), but Author reject it, the argument was that lizard will more quickly fill this niche). So we can replace caiman by someone else. 11. Iguana iguana - will survive, will survive, but I want to make it much more bigger, like "grass eating caiman". 12. Alouatta seniculus - will extinct (who can take his niche?) 13. Harpia harpyja - vulnerable - can extinct (who can take his niche?) 14. Eunectes murinus - can extinct (we can replace it by my https://sivatherium.borda.ru/?1-0-1686291352928-00000176-000-10001-0#048 sakompo) 15. Inia geoffrensis - will extinct (algocetus is grass eating, we need fish eating dolphin like mammal, may be small). 16. Panthera Onca - Jaguarete 17. Pteroglossus aracari - will survive (what interesting we can do with him?) 18. Citharacanthus spinicrus - will extinct, will need to replace it by other tarantula and make bigger. 19. Nyctibius grandis - will survive, but I don't know how to evolve him 20. Boa Constrictor - will survive (but we have already sakompo, I don't know what interesting we can do with him ). 21. Electrophorus electricus - will survive (may be make it big like shark?).
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: 1. Ara ararauna - will extinct to neocene. (who can take his niche?) There is the Araguari amazonica that was added recently to the Bestiary. wovoka ïèøåò: 5. Bradypus variegatus - - will extinct to neocene. (I want to fill his niche by some tree rodent, with the same strategy of loving with making gardens of algae on the body https://elementy.ru/kartinka_dnya/630/Lenivets_i_ego_vodorosli) Perhaps a species of porcupine could fill this niche, or an Echimyid. wovoka ïèøåò: 8. Myrmecophaga tridactyla - will extinct (may be we take some rodent to fill it niche here). I think that its more sense if is a armadillo, or a mongoose.
Temnospondile: wovoka ïèøåò: 3. Opisthocomus hoazin - has the chance to survive (but how he will evolve) Goatzin cubs have claws on their wings. What if his descendants will keep them even as adults?
JOrnitho: I finished the description of the Neocladosictis Pukutirai gaba, or Atlantic sabertoothed opossum (Neocladosictis macularius) Order:Didelphimorphia Family: Martenodelphidae Habitat: The seasonal moist broad-leaf tropical forests of the Atlantic coast of South America. Even with the damage left by the humans in nature and the presence of placentals, the marsupials of South America continued to thrive and evolve. In the Neocene a new family appeared, the Martenodelphidae. Descending from the southern opossum (Didelphis albiventris), the members of this taxon had embraced the role of predators and hypercarnivorous. While the Ipochereu inhabits the Amazon rainforest and the marten opossum lives in the temperate regions of South America, the Pukutirai gaba inhabits the seasonal moist broad-leaf tropical forests of the Atlantic coast of South America. This animal is part of the genus Neocladosictis. Through convergent evolution, the members of this group developed elongated canines, giving them the appearance of some extinct species of Sparassodonta. It’s name have a Tupi-guarani origin (in tapiete language: puku – long, ti-r-äï -tooth, in tupi language gã'bá - opossum). The Pukutirai gaba have sexual dimorphism in both length and weight. The males are larger and heavier than females, with 93 cm of length and 3,5 kg. The females are smaller, 79 cm of length and with a weight of 1,15 Kg. They have relatively short legs, but the tail is as long as its body and head combined, with a semi prehensile tip. The head is thick and they have a slightly rounded and elongated snout, with the upper canines protruding slightly out of the interior. The ears are short and rounded. The pelage in their upper body is dark brown with white spots. The tail is furred, with black color and the tip is white. These marsupials are hypercarnivorous animals, feeding on other vertebrates. They hunt frogs, lizards, birds, rodents, smaller marsupials and even small monkeys. It’s a great predator of marmosets, surprising them while they sleep inside tree holes or during the early hours of the morning, when the primates are leaving their nocturnal refuges. The Pukutirai gaba is solitary and nocturnal, being active from the early hours of the night to sometime before dawn. During the day, they rest in dens that take the form of burrows, caves, rock crevices, tree hollows and hollow logs. They spend most of their lives in the tree canopy, rarely descending to the floor. A male has a well delimited territory that encompasses territories of females, which usually are smaller than that of the male. They live in home ranges that range from 580 to 875 ha for males and 90–188 for females. Females tolerate close related females in trespassing their territories, but males will not tolerate another male, engaging in very aggressive intraspecific fights. The territories are demarcated with odor glands below their tails. They mate in midwinter, but females can breed as early as the end of autumn. The female vocalizes when in estrus and easily accepts the male's mounting. In addition, the female's neck swells up. Mating involves the male holding on the female's sides with his paws and holding on the neck with his mouth. Copulation can last as long as 24 hours. Gestation lasts 11 to 13 days and the average litter size is 8 to 9 infants, although over 20 infants may be born. They have a very high mortality rate of their young; only one in ten offspring survive to reproductive adulthood. Newborns are the size of a honeybee. Once delivered through the median vagina or central birth canal, newborn Pukutirai gaba climbs up into the female's pouch and latch onto one of her 13 teats. For the time the young is in the pouch, a female avoids hunting large prey. After the young have left the pouch, females stay in nests they have built. The young remain latched for two months and in the pouch for another month. The young then climb onto the mother's back, where she carries them for the remainder of their time together. It is during this time that the young learn survival skills. By 100 days the young become more independent of their mothers, and the mothers more aggressive towards their young. They leave their mother after about seven months. This species has a lifespan of 4 years, short for an animal of their size. Another species of the genus Neocladosictis is the pallid sabertoothed opossum (Neocladosictis palidus), an inhabitant of the Atlantic dry forests of South America, an area of transition between the forests of the coast and the savannas of the interior of the continent. This species is smaller than the Pukutirai gaba, with males having 53 to 70 of length, while females have 48 to 58 cm. They have a tapering snout, short legs, and erect ears. They have a thick coat that is light buff with faint white dots. The underparts are white and stretch from the chin to the underside of the tail.
ëÿãóøêà: JOrnitho Good! I love this animal! please, stop making native names! they're hard to read and translate! if you want to add colorite, use spanish and portugese!
ìåäâåäü: Interesting opossum!
wovoka: Good opossum! Maybe you will add to his diet such animal as descendant of Dasypus novemcinctus? You haven't explain what his names means... ëÿãóøêà ïèøåò: please, stop making native names! Let's before ask about it Author, if he is against native names? And as for me I will continue to give animals native names!
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: And to show some of the culture of my country and continent. I fully support you, but let us try to give simpler names. wovoka ïèøåò: Maybe you will add to his diet such animal as descendant of Dasypus novemcinctus? So what do you think to add to the chapter the descendant of Dasypus novemcinctus as the prey of necladosictis?
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: I fully support you, but let us try to give simpler names. I agree, there is some tupi-guarani and portuguese names that are simple, but still good for the name of animals. wovoka ïèøåò: So what do you think to add to the chapter the descendant of Dasypus novemcinctus as the prey of necladosictis? I said in the description that Neocladosictis is mostly arboreal, maybe the rare occasions that it descends to the ground is to hunt this armadillo? This armadillo could be dwarf, like the fairy armadillo.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: I said in the description that Neocladosictis is mostly arboreal, maybe the rare occasions that it descends to the ground is to hunt this armadillo? This armadillo could be dwarf, like the fairy armadillo. Yes dwarf and also arboreal! By the way, Dasypus novemcinctus can swim and dive, holding his breath for 6 minutes. If we make somewhere in Parana, Paranaíba and Rio Grande big (or middle-sized) swimming and diving armadillo feeding on benthic invertebrates and small vertebrates: worms, leeches, crustaceans, molluscs, small benthic fish, frogs, small aquatic non-venomous snakes?
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: By the way, Dasypus novemcinctus can swim and dive, holding his breath for 6 minutes. If we make somewhere in Parana, Paranaíba and Rio Grande big (or middle-sized) swimming and diving armadillo feeding on benthic invertebrates and small vertebrates: worms, leeches, crustaceans, molluscs, small benthic fish, frogs, small aquatic non-venomous snakes? Yes! It could be like an armored water shrew (Neomys). There is also the rivers Paraíba do Sul and São Francisco.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: It could be like an armored water shrew But i want to make him bigger: body length 80-90 cm, tail length 50-60 cm. Height at withers 60-70 cm. Weight 50-70 kg. JOrnitho ïèøåò: There is also the rivers Paraíba do Sul and São Francisco. So, then we can include this animal to the chapter Marvelous forest. Could we? Or we better make chapter about Parana rio?
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Or we better make chapter about Parana rio? I think that is better to make another chapter. The São Francisco, for example, is in the transition between Caatinga and Mata Atlântica.
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