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Galliformes and other animals for South America (ïðîäîëæåíèå)
JOrnitho: Hello! I'm back with ideas for some new species for South America. I found in my computer an archive with some ideas for fauna and flora that I had some time ago and decided to show there to ask your opinion about them. The first is about a descendant of the domestic chicken. [more]Copper jacumitan (Jacumita cuprinus) During the Holocene, the man introduced many species in other continents. The jacumitan is a descendant of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that are introduced in South America. It replaced the birds in the family Cracidae, which are extinct in the Neocene, in some areas. In a matter of fact, the name jacumitan is the junction of the words jacu, the popular name in Brazil for guans of the Genus Penelope, and the tupi word mitã (mitan) that means new, this way the name means “new guan”. The copper jacumitan is the type species of this genus and lives in the savannas and woodlands of Central South America. The copper jacumitan is sexually dysmorphic. The male measure 190 cm, due to the long tail, it has a bright coppery brown upperbody plumage and reddish-brown feathers below. They also have metallic dark green feathers on the tail and wings. Only males have a bright red naked skin on the face, with two wattles that conceal the sides of its head. This characteristic is shared by all males of the genus Jacumita. The males of the genus also have crests formed by white feathers with black tips. During courtship and panic moments, they rise the crests. The females have 75 cm of length and are cryptic brown and adapted to camouflage, its naked skin on the face is pale pink and don’t have flesh wattles. The young males are similar to the females until they reach 9 weeks, at this time the wattle begin to develop. Both sexes have long orange colored legs and grey beak. The males have spurs that they use in fights for dominance. The neck is long and slim. Copper jacumitans can fly, but prefer to run from the predators flying only as last resort. These birds are omnivorous and feed on insects, seeds, and fruits. Its forage for food by scratching the ground, usually near herbivores this way there is other animals observing for the presence of predators. Often the male sits on a high perch, to serve as a lookout for his group. He sounds an alarm call if predators are nearby. At night it will sleep perched on branches. Copper jacumitans are polygamous; the male will have a harem with 5 to 12 females and will guards the area where his females are nesting, and attack other males that enter his territory. To initiate courting, the males will dance in a circle around or near a female, raising their crests and lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. Then, he will vocalize and when she responds to his call, the male will mount her and proceed with the mating. The females make their nest in the ground, laying 6 to 14 red eggs which are incubated for 22 days. Chicks are precocious, leaving the nest shortly they are born. They fledge in about 4 to 5 weeks, and at 13 weeks old are chased out of the group by their mother, at which point the young males start to form a harem and the females join an existing one. Sexual maturity is reached at 6 months and the lifespan of this species is of 13 years, however is common for males to die early due to predation. Other species in the genus Jacumita are: Golden jacumitan (Jacumita aurea) Living in the forests of the Atlantic coast of South America, the males of this species has 200 cm of length, from beak to tail, while the females have 83 cm. The plumage of the male have a bright golden-yellow plumage in the upperparts, being scarlet in the chest and belly. They have dark metallic green wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Red jacumitan (Jacumita amazonica) Living in the "terra firme" forests of the Amazon , the males of this species has 185 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 70 cm. The plumage of male is bright orange-red in the upperparts, while their chest and belly is yellow. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Andean jacumitan (Jacumita andina) Living in the highland forests in the slopes of the Andes, the males of this species has 170 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 68 cm. The plumage of the males is white in the upperparts and yellowish-red in the belly and chest. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. This other one is about a descendant of the californian quail: Common austral grouse (Tetraoinus australis) During the Holocene, the man introduced many exotic species different habitats, the ancestor of the austral grouse was one of these species. Their ancestor was not a true grouse, but the Californian quail, due to evolutionary convergence they acquired characteristics similar to the true grouses of North America. Living in the forests of Southern South America, the male austral grouse are 55 cm long and the female have 44 cm of length. The male have a dark grey body plumage, black-and-white bridled head pattern, black back and a greyish-blue belly. They have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers that droops forward (long and black in males /short and brown in females) and long forked blackish tail with white undertail coverts. Females and immature birds are mainly greyish-brown with a light-brown belly. Both sexes have a black bill and relatively long grey legs. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects. In some regions their main source of food are the seeds of trees of the Genus Araucaria. These birds are not elegant fliers, however they sleep perched in branches. Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot. During the courtship, the male austral grouse do displays on a lek, each male have a “personal space”. The males strut around their chose space, doing a display. The display consists of the male posturing himself with the head near the ground. Then, they start to move it from right to left showing their crests, simultaneously they raising the tail feathers, showing their withe undertail coverts. After that, they will raise their heads abruptly and whilst make a highly distinctive mating call. When another male invade the personal space of other, a fight happens, in this case the male will try to take of the crest of the rival, this way they will not be capable to display for the females. The female usually lays approximately 12 spotted eggs. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground. Incubation lasts from 21–25 days, usually performed by the female and rarely by the male. The chicks are precocial, leaving the nest with their parents within hours of hatching. The male stay with the female until the young leave, with 3 months. The young reach sexual maturity with 1 year, with this age the young males acquire the coloration of an adult male. Their lifespan is of 27 years. In the forests of Tierra del Fuego another species lives, the Black boreal grouse (Tetraoinus nigrus). Their main difference to the other species is that the males have an all-black plumage, with only a faint shade of blue in the chest and brown undertail coverts. The females are similar to that of the common austral grouse. The males have 52 cm and the females 41 cm.[/more] I also have in this archive some names for possible species that I never developed bayond some few facts. Maybe someone could help me make their descriptions.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: The description of Ocumo I have already started, but there are some difficulties that I need to deal with. Do you need some help? I finished the Parare's description: Parare, or purple water lily mantis (Nymphaefilus purpuraceus) Order:Mantodea Family: Mantidae Habitat: Catatumbo River in Northern South America, endemic to the Mureru waterlilies. While the transition between the Neocene and the Holocene caused the extinction of many species, others remained alive and continued to evolve. The mantis Stagmatoptera septentrionalis had survived and in the Neocene it gave origin to the genus Nymphaefilus, insects specialized to live among different species of aquatic flowers through the use of aggressive mimicry. One of these species, the purple parare, is specialized to live among the purple flowers of the mureru water lily in the Catatumbo River. In Carib language, parare means mantis. The purple parare is sexually dismorphic, with males being smaller than the females. While a male can be 25 mm long, the female surpasses 32 mm, reaching at least 36 mm. The adult has bold disruptive coloration in pale pink and white that mimics the color of the flowers of the mureru water lily. The four walking legs resemble flower petals, and the toothed front pair is used as in other mantises for grasping prey. All these appendages are purple colored, exactly like the tip of the petals where they live. This species has a deimatic display in which it spreads its forewings, making itself appear larger and prominently displaying their bright colors to startle would-be predators. While at rest they are well camouflaged, with it being a good enough aggressive mimic of a flower that allows them to prey on insects that can attempt to pollinate it. At this moment, the mantis seizes and eats them. They prefer to prey on flying insects, mostly bees, and spiders, but if unavailable, will eat virtually any insect. These mantises have strong forearms, and a big appetite while they are growing up, and therefore can handle rather large prey compared to their body sizes. They will not chase after food though, as they are not a very active species. Instead, they prefer to remain completely still, disguised as part of the environment, waiting to strike when an unsuspecting insect comes by. Like with many mantis species, Parare females practice sexual cannibalism. However, nymphs are not cannibalistic until their fourth instar. Reproduction happens during the entire year. The courtship and mating are separated into two steps: Preliminary courtship begins with the first visual contact between the animals and ends with the first physical contact. Copulation begins with physical contact and ends when the spermatophore is deposited. Only a few days after the final moult into adults, the animals begin to show interest in the opposite sex, with this point being marked as the achievement of sexual maturity. Instead of just observing them, sexually mature males approach sexually mature females when they see them, but due to the physical superiority of the females, the males face certain challenges in doing so. When a female spots a male, she is very likely to attack and kill him. Therefore, males can be observed to be very slow and cautious in their approach. After spotting a female, the male usually freezes and turns his head to look directly at her. Since the foveae in his eyes face directly forwards, he has the most accurate and detailed view of her and can watch every one of her moves. He then proceeds to approach her from behind. Males can be observed to stop as soon as the female turns her head or even moves. Using this ‘stop-and-go’ tactic, the male stalks closer to the female. This can often take several hours. Once the male is close enough to the female, he opens his wings a little to facilitate his jump on the female's back. As soon as he lands, he proceeds to hold on to her with his raptorial legs. When the male is in a secure position, copulation is initiated. The abdomen of the male curves and twists to insert the claspers between the ovipositor and the sternum. The abdomen of the male then contracts in a peristaltic manner. The animals can stay in this position for four to five hours before a spermatophore is deposited inside the female and the claspers are withdrawn. The male then lets go of the female to drop to the ground to get out of her reach for his own safety. After getting away about 50 cm, he stops and freezes for about four minutes before eventually leaving. This behavior could be interpreted as necessary rest after the efforts of copulating in a safe distance from the female. The intervals of oviposition after copulating depend on the food intake and the overall physical fitness of the female. On average, 11 days are needed for the female to form and deposit an ootheca, which contains around 100 to 200 eggs. Females deposit their eggs on the leaves of water lilies. Most eggs from one ootheca hatch at the same time as worm-like pre larvae (L1). The hatchings always occur in the morning. The L1 just exists for a very short time. The first moult happens on or very close to the ootheca. The now-emerging nymphs already look a lot like the adults, but are maybe a tenth of their size. Very few animals survive this first instar stage due to lack of appropriately sized food and predation. The L2–L6 stages generally last about 14 days each. During this time, a growth around 6 mm per stadium can be observed. Each stadium is completed with a moult. The L7 develops a more compact shape. Wing pads become visible. L7 and L8 show the same growth rate and duration as the previous stages. After the next moult, the adult animal emerges. It now has wings and is fully developed. Females die shortly after laying her eggs and males that aren’t eaten by the females after copulation do not survive longer than four days.
ëÿãóøêà: JOrnitho Good and relistic animal! But why it imitates only mureru water lily? There are many species of them in northean parts of Sourh America, and their flowers usually look like similar. So, if parare will imitate not only endemic water lilys, it can live not only at Catatumbo basin, but also at other ones.
ìåäâåäü: Interesting insect!
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: Do you need some help? No, thank you! I'll make the description but a little bit later. JOrnitho ïèøåò: Parare, or purple water lily mantis (Nymphaefilus purpuraceus) Very good description! ëÿãóøêà ïèøåò: So, if parare will imitate not only endemic water lilys, it can live not only at Catatumbo basin, but also at other ones. Well, JOrnitho have written about the new genus: Nymphaefilus, so I think it can be much more species in this genus living in flowers and using aggressive mimicry. JOrnitho ïèøåò: longer than four dies May be you mean days? JOrnitho ïèøåò: flying insects first of all bees!
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Well, JOrnitho have written about the new genus: Nymphaefilus, so I think it can be much more species in this genus living in flowers and using aggressive mimicry. Yes. I thought that there could be other species of water lily around the rivers of the rainforests of Northern South America, each with a species of Nymphaefilus living on them. wovoka ïèøåò: May be you mean days? Corrected it! This happens when I try to do two things at the same time.
wovoka: JOrnitho, tuna sapipi is described http://sivatherium.borda.ru/?1-2-1685344487897-00000025-000-10001-0#038 - description is here in Russian.
ëÿãóøêà: JOrnitho Yes. I thought that there could be other species of watr lily around the rivers of the rainforests of Northern South America, each with a species of Nymphaefilus living on them. Ok. I understand it.
wovoka: Bestiary for chapter Brejos de Altitude. JOrnitho ïèøåò: Perhaps a clouded leopard-sized cat, with sabertooth could live here as the largest predator. It could also live in the surrounding arid regions. Ok! JOrnitho ïèøåò: I don’t think that it could reach the size of a jackal. Perhaps it could have the size of a muskrat? The size of Speothos venaticus, but jackal-like: more quick & graceful & omnivorous. And name jackal-rat. JOrnitho ïèøåò: With the Callithrix here, I don’t think that a lemur would be possible. However, they could be squirrel-like. It can be something like Cheirogaleus. JOrnitho ïèøåò: I like the idea of it getting bigger. It could be large herbivore of the region, rather than the Galea spixii, which could evolve into something else. Sylvilagus like Madoqua, Galea like Porcula salvania. So then mammals of chapter will be 1. Euphractus sexcinctus - something like big armored boar 2 Digelphis marsupialis - mongoose-like opossum hunting snakes. 4. Callithrix jacchus - something interesting (will think later when finish bestiary) 5. Galea spixii - something like Porcula salvania 6. Akodon aff. cursor - jackal-rat, the rat with the size of Speothos venaticus, but jackal-like: more quick & graceful & omnivorous. 7. Oligoryzomys stramineus - Pygeretmus like rodent 8. Rhipidomys mastacalis - Cheirogaleus like animal. 9. Sylvilagus brasiliensis - Madoqua like animal. 10. clouded leopard-sized cat (or yagouaroundi), with sabertooth to hunt "armored boar" cingulata. 11. Myotis nigricans 12. Glossophaga soricina Birds 13. The birds that will be hunting on big snakes Geranospiza caerulescens and Leptodon cayanensis 14.Herpetotheres cachinnans (The laughing falcon) - the bird that will be hunting on middle snakes. 15. Micrastur ruficollis the bird that will be hunting on small snakes and other small animals in forest and Gampsonyx swainsonii in swamps. Turtles: 16. Kinosternon scorpioides or Mesoclemmys tuberculata. I was trying to choose the snakes, but they all so beautiful, I can't make the last decision whom to choose, for now cut the list in half: Green are that I want to choose. 1. Epictia borapeliotes 2. Epicrates assisi will be very big boidae 3. Bothrops bilineatus 4. Bothrops leucurus 5. Lachesis muta will be the biggest venomous snake of neocene 6. Chironius carinatus 7. Drymarchon corais 8. Leptophis ahaetulla 9. Oxybelis aeneus 10. Spilotes pullatus 11. Spilotes sulphureus – venomous, preys on snakes and small mammals 12. Tantilla melanocephala – small insectivore 13. Apostolepis cearensis – burrowing snake 14. Clelia plumbea very beautiful purple snake Opisthoglyph 15. Dipsas mikanii 16. Dipsas variegata – snail-eating snake 17. Erythrolamprus aesculapii - eating lizards and snakes 18. Erythrolmprus almadensis 19. Erythrolamprus miliaris – semiaquatic and forest snake eating frogs, fishes and so on 20. Erythrolamprus reginae 21. Helicops leopardinus 22. Imantodes cenchoa 23. Leptodeira annulata 24. Oxyrhopus guibei 25. Oxyrhopus petolarius 26. Philodryas nattereri 27. Philodryas offersii 28. Siphlophis compressus 29. Thamnodynastes hypoconia 30. Thamnodynastes pallidus 31. Xenodon merremii 32. Xenopholis undulatus I'll work on the list more. The list of lizards 1. Hemidactylus brasilianus It is written: “They are one of the smartest geckos on the earth” 2. Lygodactylus klugei (Smith, Martin and Swain, 1977)* - nectar eating gecko. 3. Salvator merianae - make something like a march cayman. 4. Phyllopezus periosus 5. Enyalius bibronii 6. Polychrus acutirostris 7. Iguana iguana 8. Diploglossus lessonae 9. Micrablepharus maximiliani 10. Brasiliscincus heathi 11. Psychosaura agmosticha The list of amphibians 1. Rhinella crucifer 2. Rhinella jimi 3. Rhinella granulosa 4. Pristimantis ramagii 5. Dendropsophus branneri 6. Dendropsophus decipiens 7. Dendropsophus minutus 8. Boana crepitans 9. Boana faber 10. Boana albomarginata - will call it bird frog, because it’s voice like bird’s song 11. Boana raniceps 12. Scinax x-signatus 13. Leptodactylus mystacinus 14. Leptodactylus troglodytes 15. Pleurodema diplolister - poisonous frog we can use it in chapter about competition of poisons between this frog and viper snakes 16. Dermatonotus muelleri - the burrowing snake will eat it 17. Proceratophrys cristiceps 18. Odontophrynus carvalhoi - the burrowing snake will also eat it List of plants. 1. Bomarea edulis -has the edible tubers, which are sometimes used as a substitute for potatoes. 2. Tapirira guianensis big tree with edible but small fruits 3. Annona salzmannii small tree − The succulent pulp is very sweet, fibreless and very tasty 4. Schefflera morototoni – a tree that grows on any soil, is not afraid of fires, has healing roots, like those of ginseng 5. Eschweilera ovata – tree or shrub with edible seeds 6. Achyrocline satureioides – medical plant for herbivores animals 7. Cosmos caudatus – edible, medical and honey grass 8. Vernonia scorpioides - anti-infective and wound healing liana 9. Senna quinquangulata is a honey shrub 10. Symphonia globulifera – big tree from marshes with edible fruits (Fruit - raw. A fleshy, acidulous, pleasantly tasting pericarp. The fruits, which are filled with a yellow resin, are the size of a pigeon's egg) 11. Davilla nitida - shrub or Liana with edible fruits 12. Heliconia psittacorum – just beautiful plant 13. Polygala paniculata – edible by herbivorous animals, used as medicine against snake bites. 14. Aeollanthus pubescens - spice grass eating by herbivourus animals 15. Simarouba amara tree with edible fruits and medical leaves (antimicrobic & antiparasitic) 16. Dichorisandra thyrsiflora – beautifull honey plant 17. Phoradendron crassifolium - mistletoe on the host tree Tapirira guianensis (fruits not edible) 18. Aegiphila sellowiana - tree or shrub (the seeds are dispersed by birds that eat the fruits). 19. Casearia sylvestris is an evergreen shrub or small tree with long, slender branches and a very dense, globose crown. The fruit is a globose to slighly flattened capsule around 3 - 4mm in diameter, containing 2 - 5 seeds wrapped in a yellow, edible glutinous aril[. The bark and leaves are analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, depurative, tonic and vulnerary. The leaves especially are used internally in the treatment of a wide range of ailments including inflammations, fevers, gastric ulcers and diarrhoea. Externally, the leaves are used in the treatment of wounds and skin disorders. The bark and leaf are protect against snake venom. The bark is useful against harmful and inflammatory fevers. The juice or decoction of the leaves has the same medicinal properties as the bark, as well as being an effective treatment against diarrhoes and herpetic diseases. It is used both internally and externally against snake bites. 20. Piper aduncum - The fruits are used as a spice. A peppery flavour. When black and ripe, they are very sweet. Leaves also edible. The plant has the presence of a range of medically active compounds in the plant, including flavonoids, sequiterpenes, monoterpenes, heterocycles, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, and benzenoids. A group of chemicals called chromenes have been found in the leaves (and in its essential oil) which have evidenced toxic effects to cancer cells and bacteria. Other chemicals, including a group of bezenoid chemicals, have also demonstrated antibacterial and cytotoxic actions as well. The plant has demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial actions, which may help to explain its long history of use for various infections and infectious diseases. In various studies, the leaves and the essential oil extracted from the leaves or the fruits have demonstrated antibacterial actions against various gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It has actions against fungi and yeast. It had antiviral actions against the polio virus. The plant has an effective treatment for leishmaniasis, a parasitic, tropical disease spread that is spread by the bite of infected sand flies. Both the plant, and an extracted chalcone compound in the plant, were reported to either kill the parasite or treat the disease. In the treatment of other parasitic infections, plant is useful in the treatment of schistosomiasis, where it has a molluscicidal action against the fresh water snail that carry the parasite, as well as against the parasite itself. It also has insecticidal actions against the mosquito that carries and spreads yellow fever. The leaves are antimicrobial, astringent, carminative, diuretic, a mild aromatic tonic, stimulant, stomachic, and internal styptic,. Taken as an infusion, the leaves are widely used as a remedy for all types of digestive disorders including stomach aches, vomiting, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, gastric ulcers, intestinal gas and even stomach cancer; they are considered an excellent genitourinary tonic and are used in the treatment of kidney stones, urinary tract infections, cystitis, urethritis, leucorrhoea, vaginitis, and various venereal diseases such as gonorrhoea and trichomonas; they are also employed for various upper respiratory conditions such as bronchitis, pulmonary haemorrhages, pleurisy, pneumonia, colds and flu, and tonsillitis. The leaves are an effective antiseptic wound healer, used to stop bleeding, prevent infections and to speed healing. They are either crushed or powdered and sprinkled directly onto the affected area, or an infusion is made from the leaves and used as a wash. 21. Piper caldens - sedative, antidote for snake bites and for relieving toothaches. The plants exhibit antifungal, antimicrobial, acaricidal and molluscicidal activities. Bees makes medical honey. 22. Passiflora foetida - climbing herbaceous perennial plant growing from a woody rootstock and producing annual to perennial, somewhat sticky stems around 0.7 - 3 metres long, occasionally to 5 metres. These stems scramble over the ground, or clamber into the surrounding vegetation, supporting themselves by means of coiling tendrils. Fully ripe fruit - eaten raw. The pulp surrounding the seeds is eaten. Sweet and juicy. The under-ripe fruit are toxic. The globose yellow to bright red fruit is about 25mm in diameter. Freshed young leaves are mashed and then rubbed on to the wound of a snake bite. The leaf contains substances that have possible antimicrobial activity. 23. Byrsonima sericea – shrub with edible fruits very useful for rodents. 24. Siparuna guianensis – evergreenshrub or tree (the bark is antihelmintic) 25. Fuirena umbellata – march grass with edible tubers. 26. Solanum asperum - shrub or small tree with edible fruits 27. Allophylus edulis - tree with edible fruit 28. Mabea occidentalis – honey tree, but for it we need to include to chapter nectar-eating bat Glossophaga soricina 29. Myrcia fallax – edible fruits 30. Inga striata – the pulp surrounding the seeds is sweet and edible 31. Myrcia sylvatica – leaves are medical used from dysentery and intestinal parasites by the riparian animals. 32. Eugenia lambertiana – tree with edible fruits 33. Epidendrum cinnabarinum – beautifull ORCHIDACEAE 34. Panicum maximum, Panicum pilosum, Panicum rudgei, Ichnanthus nemoralis, Melinis repens, Olyra micrantha, Paspalum molle, Setaria vulpiseta - – Poaceae grass for herbivourus and seed eating animals 35. Cajanus cajan – Fabaceae plant with edible seeds, unripe pods, leaves, medical roots – antihelmint and antimicrobic. 36. Macroptilium lathyroides - Fabaceae plant edible for herbivores animals, seeds are edible by rodents and birds 37. Miconia albicans – shrub with edible fruits 38. Miconia ciliata – shrub with edible fruits 39. Miconia dodecandra – shrub with edible fruits 40. Miconia crenata – shrub with edible fruits 41. Henriettea succosa - – shrub with edible fruits 42. Samanea saman - is an attractive, large, spreading deciduous tree with a low, dense, dome-shaped crown; it usually grows up to 30 metres tall with occasional specimens to 60 metres. It has eadible pods, which contain a brownish, sticky, liquorice-like, sweet-flavoured pulp. The tree yields a gum of inferior quality which could be used as substitute for gum arabic. The young leaves are eadible. This big trees can be place of monkeys home. 43. Coccocypselum lanceolatum – subshrub eadible by herbivourus animals 44. Ipomoea ramosissima – I think it can evolve in something like semiaquatic “hybrid” between Ipomoéa batátas and Ipomoea aquatica, it lose his poison and have a big underwater edible root vegetables and all be edible: tender shoots and leaves. I'm making the biggest bestiary then will reduce. Or we will make two chapters
wovoka: list of fishes from which we need to choose ORDEM CHARACIFORMES Família Hemiodontidae Subfamília Parodontinae 1. Apareiodon cf. davisi Família Curimatidae Subfamília Curimatinae 2. Steindachnerina notonota Família Prochilodontidae 3. Prochilodus brevis Família Erythrinidae 4. Hoplias malabaricus Família Characidae Subfamília Tetragonopterinae 5. Astyanax bimaculatus 6. Astyanax fasciatus 7. Hemigrammus aff. brevis Subfamília Cheirodontinae 8. Compsura aff. heterura 9. Serrapinnus heterodon Família Crenuchidae Subfamília Characidiinae 10. Characidium bimaculatum Família Pimelodidae 11. Pimelodella enochi 12. Rhamdella robinsoni 13. Rhamdia quelen Família Callichthyidae Subfamília Callichthyinae 14. Callichthys callichthys Subfamília Corydoradinae 15. Aspidoras cf. spilotus 16. Aspidoras depinnai Família Loricariidae 17. Parotocinclus spilosoma 18. Parotocinclus sp. Ordem Cyprinnodontiformes Família Poeciliidae 19. Poecilia reticulata 20. Poecilia vivipara Ordem Perciformes Família Cichlidae 21. Cichla ocellaris 22. Cichlasoma orientale 23. Crenicichla menezesi 24. Geophagus brasiliensis 25. Oreochromis cf. niloticus 26. Tilapia sp. Família Gobiidae 27. Awaous tajasica The full list of birds living there. We also need to choose. Rallidae 1. Rallus nigricans Accipitridae 2. Leptodon cayanensis 3. Chondrohierax uncinatus 4. Elanoides forficatus 5. Gampsonyx swainsonii 6. Elanus leucurus 7. Accipiter bicolor 8. Buteo magnirostris 9. Buteo nitidus 10. Geranospiza caerulescens Falconidae 11. Herpetotheres cachinnans 12. Micrastur ruficollis 13. Falco femoralis 14. Falco sparverius 15. Caracara plancus 16. Milvago chimachima Ardeidae 17. Bulbucus ibis 18. Butorides striatus 19. Tigrisoma lineatum Cathartidae 20. Coragyps atratus 21. Cathartes aura Tyrannidae 22. Mionectes oleagineus 23. Leptopogon amaurocephalus 24. Hemitriccus zosterops 25. Hemitriccus margaritaceiventer 26. Hemitriccus mirandae 27. Todirostrum fumifrons 28. Todirostrum cinereum 29. Phyllomyias fasciatus 30. Camptostoma obsoletum 31. Phaeomyias murina 32. Capsiempis flaveola 33. Sublegatus modestus 34. Myiopagis gaimardii 35. Myiopagis caniceps 36. Myiopagis viridicata 37. Elaenia flavogaster 38. Elaenia spectabilis 39. Elaenia mesoleuca 40. Serpophaga subcristata 41. Euscarthmus meloryphus 42. Phylloscartes ceciliae 43. Tolmomyias sulphurescens 44. Tolmomyias flaviventris 45. Platyrinchus mystaceus 46. Myiophobus fasciatus 47. Myiobius barbatus 48. Myiobius atricaudus 49. Cnemotriccus fuscatus 50. Hirundinea ferruginea 51. Contopus cinereus 52. Lathrotriccus euleri 53. Xolmis irupero 54. Fluvicola nengeta 55. Arundinicola leucocephala 56. Cassiornis fusca 57. Myiarchus ferox 58. Myiarchus tyrannulus 59. Tyrannus melancholicus 60. Empidonomus varius 61. Megarynchus pitangua 62. Myiodynastes maculatus 63. Myiozetetes similis 64. Legatus leucophaius 65. Philohydor lictor 66. Pitangus sulphuratus 67. Schiffornis turdinus 68. Pachyramphus polychopterus 69. Cotingidae Iodopleura pipra 70. Xipholena atropurpurea Pipridae 71. Pipra rubrocapilla 72. Chiroxiphia pareola 73. Manacus manacus 74. Neopelma pallescens Thamnophilidae 75. Taraba major 76. Sakesphorus cristatus 77. Cercomacra laeta 78. Thamnophilus doliatus 79. Thamnophilus palliatus 80. Thamnophilus aethiops 81. Thamnophilus pelzelni 82. Thamnophilus caerulescens 83. Thamnophilus torquatus 84. Dysithamnus mentalis 85. Myrmotherula axillaris 86. Myrmotherula snowi 87. Myrmochilus strigilatus 88. Herpsilochmus atricapillus 89. Herpsilochmus sellowi 90. Herpsilochmus sellowi 91. Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus 92. Formicivora grisea 93. Terenura sicki 94. Pyriglena leuconota 95. Pyriglena leucoptera 96. Myrmeciza ruficauda Formicariidae 97. Hylopezus ochroleucus 98. Furnariidae 99. Furnarius figulus 100. Synallaxis frontalis 101. Synallaxis albescens 102. Synallaxis infuscata 103. Synallaxis hellmayri 104. Synallaxis scutata 105. Cranioleuca semicinerea 106. Certhiaxis cinnamomea 107. Phacellodomus rufifrons 108. Sclerurus mexicanus 109. Xenops minutus 110. Xenops rutilans 111. Megaxenops parnaguae Dendrocolaptidae 112. Dendrocincla fuliginosa 113. Sittasomus griseicapillus 114. Dendrocolaptes platyrostris 115. Xiphorhynchus picus 116. Lepidocolaptes angustirostris 117. Lepidocolaptes fuscus 118. Campylorhamphus trochilirostris Conopophagidae 119. Conopophaga melanops 120. Conopophaga cearae Vireonidae 121. Cyclarhis gujanensis 122. Vireo olivaceus 123. Hylophilus amaurocephalus Corvidae 124. Cyanocorax cyanopogon Muscicapidae 125. Turdus rufiventris 126. Turdus leucomelas 127. Turdus amaurochalinus 128. Turdus fumigatus 129. Turdus albicollis Sturnidae 130. Mimus saturninus Certhiidae 131. Thryothorus genibarbis 132. Thryothorus longirostris 133. Troglodytes aedon 134. Ramphocaenus melanurus 135. Polioptila plumbea Hirundinidae 136. Tachycineta albiventer 137. Progne chalybea 138. Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Fringillidae 139. Carduelis yarrellii 140. Zonotrichia capensis 141. Ammodramus humeralis 142. Arremon taciturnus 143. Paroaria dominicana 144. Parula pitiayumi 145. Basileuterus culicivorus 146. Basileuterus flaveolus 147. Coereba flaveola 148. Conirostrum speciosum 149. Schistochlamys ruficapillus 150. Compsothraupis loricata 151. Thlypopsis sordida 152. Hemithraupis guira 153. Nemosia pileata 154. Tachyphonus cristatus 155. Tachyphonus rufus 156. Piranga flava 157. Ramphocelus bresilius 158. Thraupis sayaca 159. Thraupis palmarum 160. Euphonia chlorotica 161. Euphonia violacea 162. Tangara fastuosa - I very like it 163. Tangara cyanocephala 164. Tangara cayana 165. Dacnis cayana 166. Chlorophanes spiza 167. Cyanerpes cyaneus 168. Tersina viridis 169. Coryphospingus pileatus 170. Sicalis flaveola 171. Emberizoides herbicola 172. Volatinia jacarina 173. Sporophila nigricollis 174. Sporophila albogularis 175. Sporophila bouvreuil 176. Saltator maximus 177. Saltator similis 178. Cyanocompsa brissonii 179. Icterus cayanensis 180. Icterus icterus 181. Curaeus forbesi 182. Molothrus badius 183. Molothrus bonariensis May be, JOrnitho, you will choose fishes and birds?
wovoka: By the way, JOrnitho, what do you think whom of the prehistoric South American animals (especially from the megafauna) we could try to "reanimate" in neocene, but from those animals that are now available (like those marsupial saber-toothed hyenas that I mentioned from modern Didelphidae). May be we can make such marsupial saber-toothed hyena in some desert?
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: May be, JOrnitho, you will choose fishes and birds? For the fishes, I thought that we could show some cases of endemism. Perhaps we could even have a Tilapia, an introduced species that became a new species in this environment. Then, we could have a heron, descending of Butorides striatus to feed of them. The bird of prey could be adapted to hunt serpents, the ancestor could be Leptodon cayanensis. We could also have some colorful birds from the genus Tangara and one desceding from Chiroxiphia pareola, to give color to the place. Perhaps a descendant of the Turdus rufiventris could also appear. These passeriformes would be hunted by serpents. By the way, I agree with your idea for the serpents. The Lachesis muta could become long like the Ophiophagus hannah of the Holocene. wovoka ïèøåò: the way, JOrnitho, what do you think whom of the prehistoric South American animals (especially from the megafauna) we could try to "reanimate" in neocene, but from those animals that are now available (like those marsupial saber-toothed hyenas that I mentioned from modern Didelphidae). Well, we have my idea of Astrapotherium-like tapirs living in Southeastern and Southern South America, a sister genus to Tapirotherium. We could also make a carnivorous armadillo like the Macroeuphractus in the pampas. There is the Protopithecus, a large Atelinae monkey from the Cerrado. We could have a large baboon like primate in the Savannas, having an arboreal and terrestrial lifestyle. There is any niche left vacant that could be filled by other cases of analogue evolution? wovoka ïèøåò: May be we can make such marsupial saber-toothed hyena in some desert? Maybe they could live in the Andean Plateau?
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: For the fishes, I thought that we could show some cases of endemism. Perhaps we could even have a Tilapia, an introduced species that became a new species in this environment. Then, we could have a heron, descending of Butorides striatus to feed of them. The bird of prey could be adapted to hunt serpents, the ancestor could be Leptodon cayanensis. We could also have some colorful birds from the genus Tangara and one desceding from Chiroxiphia pareola, to give color to the place. Perhaps a descendant of the Turdus rufiventris could also appear. These passeriformes would be hunted by serpents. By the way, I agree with your idea for the serpents. The Lachesis muta could become long like the Ophiophagus hannah of the Holocene. Ok. I agree with the fishes. I'll also study the list of birds may be will take someone else. JOrnitho ïèøåò: Well, we have my idea of Astrapotherium-like tapirs living in Southeastern and Southern South America, a sister genus to Tapirotherium. We could also make a carnivorous armadillo like the Macroeuphractus in the pampas. There is the Protopithecus, a large Atelinae monkey from the Cerrado. We could have a large baboon like primate in the Savannas, having an arboreal and terrestrial lifestyle. There is any niche left vacant that could be filled by other cases of analogue evolution? JOrnitho ïèøåò: Maybe they could live in the Andean Plateau? I agree with all. Let's them all describe! Whom from Meridiungulata we can "reanimate"? And also it will be cool to "reanimate" this animal in some forest: I think from agouti! May be in your Marvellous forest? From the Bestiary for chapter Brejos de Altitude. Akodon aff. cursor may be a "jackal-rat" but with traits of Patene Simpsoni Oligoryzomys stramineus - may be first it will become like Pygeretmus but than may be evolve to the animal like Leptictidium Sylvilagus brasiliensis - will be big as Madoqua, but may be will look like Pachyrukhos
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Whom from Meridiungulata we can "reanimate"? And also it will be cool to "reanimate" this animal in some forest: I think from agouti! May be in your Marvellous forest? Perhaps I should change the description of the Astrapotherium-like tapirs to make it more like the Meridiungulata, Lipdoterna? I came to the conclusion that the Tapirotherium already fills the niche of large and robust mammals, so the mborevi could have a more modest size and slim build. Then, it would fill the niche of the tapir and okapi, but living in herds. It would still be the sister genus to Tapirotherium. What do you think? We could also have an Andean species, with limbs adapted to move in the slopes. wovoka ïèøåò: Oligoryzomys stramineus - may be first it will become like Pygeretmus but than may be evolve to the animal like Leptictidium I think that it would remain as Pygeretmus. For a Leptictidium-like animal, I think that you should look at a shrew or elephant-shrew. One such animal could appear in Zinj Land, if they don't exist already. wovoka ïèøåò: Sylvilagus brasiliensis - will be big as Madoqua, but may be will look like Pachyrukhos I agree! By the way, what do you think of the Callithrix of the "brejos de altitude" evolving in tamaris (Saguinus)? They could also have sexual dimorphism. Also, an interesting serpent for the chapter could be one that mimic green vines to hunt lizards and birds. Another animal that we could also "revive" are the ancestors of the muskox (Euceratherium, Soergelia, Praeovibos, Bootherium) by using the domestic sheeps that are very common in Chile and Argentina. This new "musk ox" would live in the extreme South of South America, enduring the winter in these areas.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: Perhaps I should change the description of the Astrapotherium-like tapirs to make it more like the Meridiungulata? I came to the conclusion that the Tapirotherium already fills the niche of large mammals, so the mborevi could have a more modest size. Then, it would fill the niche of the tapir and okapi, but living in herds. It would still be the sister genus to Tapirotherium. What do you think? We could also have an Andean species, with limbs adapted to move in the slopes. Better let it be mborevi. Victorlemoinea from agouti we can make in south forests, but big like okapi. JOrnitho ïèøåò: By the way, what do you think of the Callithrix of the "brejos de altitude" evolving in tamaris (Saguinus)? They could also have sexual dimorphism. Yes they could! JOrnitho ïèøåò: Another animal that we could also "revive" are the ancestors of the muskox (Euceratherium, Soergelia, Praeovibos, Bootherium) by using the domestic sheeps that are very common in Chile and Argentina. This new "musk ox" would live in the extreme South of South America, enduring the winter in these areas. Ok.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Better let it be mborevi. Victorlemoinea from agouti we can make in south forests, but big like okapi. Ñêðûòûé òåêñò These agoutis could have a inflated snout or something similar that they use to produce sounds. It could have a relationship with the mborevi, using their trails and foraging with them. I think that I'll still change some details of the mborevi, because I wanted to make it a bit slim. Do you think that they could be more like a Macrauchenia? Large and robust, but not rhinoceros-like.
wovoka: I think it would be interesting for you https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzacebe5rfqdj7zoourij5vjobmv7onmigw27qotwicv7qayi6pyh4c4e?filename=%28Life%20of%20the%20Past%29%20Darin%20A.%20Croft%2C%20Velizar%20Simeonovski%20%28illustrator%29%20-%20Horned%20Armadillos%20and%20Rafting%20Monkeys_%20The%20Fascinating%20Fossil%20Mammals%20of%20South%20America-Indiana%20University%20Press%20%282016%29.pdf
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: These agoutis could have a inflated snout or something similar that they use to produce sounds. It could have a relationship with the mborevi, using their trails and foraging with them. Good idea! JOrnitho ïèøåò: I think that I'll still change some details of the mborevi, because I wanted to make it a bit slim. Do you think that they could be more like a Macrauchenia? Large and robust, but not rhinoceros-like. Victorlemoinea is already forest relatives of Macrauchenia (it will like "hybrid" between Okapi and Macrauchenia). I like that mborevi so massive, but it is your animal, you can change it. May be new version of that animal will be really better. About "reanimated" Macroeuphractus let's make him also horned as Peltephilus ferox.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Victorlemoinea is already forest relatives of Macrauchenia (it will like "hybrid" between Okapi and Macrauchenia). I like that mborevi so massive, but it is your animal, you can change it. May be new version of that animal will be really better. I'll make redescription for the mborevi and we can see if it becomes more interesting with these modifications. I'll find a middle term between it being massive, but maintaining the characteristics that I tought that it could also have. This way they can open paths through the forests that are used by the agoutis. wovoka ïèøåò: About "reanimated" Macroeuphractus let's make him also horned as Peltephilus ferox. Rather than giving horns to it, what do you think of having the males develop some type of structure used for intraspecific disputes?
JOrnitho: wovoka, here is the reworked version of the mborevi's description. Atlantic mborevi (Probocitherium grandis) Order: Perissodactyla Family: Tapiridae Habitat: Atlantic coast of South America, tropical forests in lowlands and mountains, including the "campos de altitude". Even with the anthropogenic pressure over their habitats, the tapirs were able to survive in the Neocene. While being a relict group, they were able to develop different forms to fill niches that their ancestors never occupied. Among these new forms was the Genus Probocitherium, a sister group to the larger Tapirotherium. Like their close relatives, the members of this genus are large-sized mammals. However, their lifestyle is more similar to the one that their ancestor, the South American tapir (Tapirus terrestris), had. The type species of the group is the Atlantic mborevi, an inhabitant of the Atlantic forests of South America, both in the lowlands and the mountains, including the tundra-like grasslands located in the top of mountain ranges that are know as "campos de altitude". Mborevi is a Tupi-guarani word that was used to name the tapir. The Atlantic mborevi is a large animal, with a full grown male having 300 to 320 cm of body length and standing between 190 to 200 cm at the shoulder. The females are smaller, having a body length of 220 to 250 cm, while standing between 130 to 160 cm. They have a weight ranging from 320 to 500 kg, but males can reach nearly one tonne. Their body shape is very similar to that of extinct Macrauchenia, with a camel-like body, with sturdy legs. They have a relatively long neck, with an erect crest running from the crown down the back. Its feet are more similar to that of the Tapirotherium, with one central toe and two side toes on each foot.The cartilaginous tissue is also present, giving them silent steps. Mborevi have a dexterous trunk, which is shorter than that of their Tapirotherium relatives, but still longer than that of their ancestors. They are dark brown, paler in the face and underparts. The round, dark ears have distinctive light brown edges. The newborns have a light brown coat, with white stripes along the body. The erect crest of females and young is pale gray, while in full grown adults it’s black. This species is herbivorous. Using its long neck and mobile nose, it feeds on leaves, buds, shoots, and small branches it tears from trees, fruit and grasses. Tubercules and roots are also consumed, with the mborevi digging them out of the ground. They also feed on the vast majority of seeds found in the forest. Given their size and weight, these animals can shake small trees to have access to fruits. Due to its capacity of changing the environment, they can be considered forest gardners. Atlantic mborevi live in small matriarchal herds formed by an older female and her sisters and daughters. Such groups rarely surpass more than 20 individuals, which maintain contact to each other through different types of vocalizations, ranging from loud whistles to infrasonic sounds. The males are solitary, only interacting with the females during the mating season. They are always in search of food and water, moving through well delimited trails that can be in use for several years. Other animals will also use these paths, even following the mborevi for protection and to eat the food that these animals leave behind when they dig the ground or shake the trees. Differently from their ancestors, the mborevi isn’t an animal heavily associated with the water. They’ll visit lakes and rivers to drink, but rarely swim on them, doing it only during very hot days. Females become sexually mature at the age of six to seven years, while males become sexually mature at about 10 years old. The gestation period is around 16–17 months. The calf, which typically weighs 40–60 kg, is weaned after about 15 months. Female calves stay in her mother herd, but the male will stay only for the first two to three years of their lives. The birth interval for this species is four to five years. Due to their size, an adult mborevi have few predators, with their young being more successive to predation. For their protection, the females will form a circle around them when the group is being attacked by predators. While they do it, the females will loudly vocalize against the predator while also trying to stomp them. Mborevi can have a lifespan of 60 years. Another representative of the genus is the Southern mborevi (Probocitherium australis), an inhabitant of the temperate forests of Southern South America. Their size is close to that of their relative of the Atlantic forest, with a full grown male having 290 to 315 cm of body length and standing between 190 to 200 cm at the shoulder. The females of this species are also smaller than the male, having a body length of 200 to 230 cm, while standing between 120 to 140 cm. They are black in the upperparts, with the fur becoming noticeably light brown on the underside, around the anal region, and on the cheeks. Besides the different fur color, this species also has a more dense pelage. It protects them from the low temperatures during the winter. These animals also live in matriarchal groups, while the males are solitary.
ëÿãóøêà: JOrnitho Good animal! I like it.
ïîëíàÿ âåðñèÿ ñòðàíèöû