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Galliformes and other animals for South America (ïðîäîëæåíèå)
JOrnitho: Hello! I'm back with ideas for some new species for South America. I found in my computer an archive with some ideas for fauna and flora that I had some time ago and decided to show there to ask your opinion about them. The first is about a descendant of the domestic chicken. [more]Copper jacumitan (Jacumita cuprinus) During the Holocene, the man introduced many species in other continents. The jacumitan is a descendant of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that are introduced in South America. It replaced the birds in the family Cracidae, which are extinct in the Neocene, in some areas. In a matter of fact, the name jacumitan is the junction of the words jacu, the popular name in Brazil for guans of the Genus Penelope, and the tupi word mitã (mitan) that means new, this way the name means “new guan”. The copper jacumitan is the type species of this genus and lives in the savannas and woodlands of Central South America. The copper jacumitan is sexually dysmorphic. The male measure 190 cm, due to the long tail, it has a bright coppery brown upperbody plumage and reddish-brown feathers below. They also have metallic dark green feathers on the tail and wings. Only males have a bright red naked skin on the face, with two wattles that conceal the sides of its head. This characteristic is shared by all males of the genus Jacumita. The males of the genus also have crests formed by white feathers with black tips. During courtship and panic moments, they rise the crests. The females have 75 cm of length and are cryptic brown and adapted to camouflage, its naked skin on the face is pale pink and don’t have flesh wattles. The young males are similar to the females until they reach 9 weeks, at this time the wattle begin to develop. Both sexes have long orange colored legs and grey beak. The males have spurs that they use in fights for dominance. The neck is long and slim. Copper jacumitans can fly, but prefer to run from the predators flying only as last resort. These birds are omnivorous and feed on insects, seeds, and fruits. Its forage for food by scratching the ground, usually near herbivores this way there is other animals observing for the presence of predators. Often the male sits on a high perch, to serve as a lookout for his group. He sounds an alarm call if predators are nearby. At night it will sleep perched on branches. Copper jacumitans are polygamous; the male will have a harem with 5 to 12 females and will guards the area where his females are nesting, and attack other males that enter his territory. To initiate courting, the males will dance in a circle around or near a female, raising their crests and lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. Then, he will vocalize and when she responds to his call, the male will mount her and proceed with the mating. The females make their nest in the ground, laying 6 to 14 red eggs which are incubated for 22 days. Chicks are precocious, leaving the nest shortly they are born. They fledge in about 4 to 5 weeks, and at 13 weeks old are chased out of the group by their mother, at which point the young males start to form a harem and the females join an existing one. Sexual maturity is reached at 6 months and the lifespan of this species is of 13 years, however is common for males to die early due to predation. Other species in the genus Jacumita are: Golden jacumitan (Jacumita aurea) Living in the forests of the Atlantic coast of South America, the males of this species has 200 cm of length, from beak to tail, while the females have 83 cm. The plumage of the male have a bright golden-yellow plumage in the upperparts, being scarlet in the chest and belly. They have dark metallic green wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Red jacumitan (Jacumita amazonica) Living in the "terra firme" forests of the Amazon , the males of this species has 185 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 70 cm. The plumage of male is bright orange-red in the upperparts, while their chest and belly is yellow. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Andean jacumitan (Jacumita andina) Living in the highland forests in the slopes of the Andes, the males of this species has 170 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 68 cm. The plumage of the males is white in the upperparts and yellowish-red in the belly and chest. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. This other one is about a descendant of the californian quail: Common austral grouse (Tetraoinus australis) During the Holocene, the man introduced many exotic species different habitats, the ancestor of the austral grouse was one of these species. Their ancestor was not a true grouse, but the Californian quail, due to evolutionary convergence they acquired characteristics similar to the true grouses of North America. Living in the forests of Southern South America, the male austral grouse are 55 cm long and the female have 44 cm of length. The male have a dark grey body plumage, black-and-white bridled head pattern, black back and a greyish-blue belly. They have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers that droops forward (long and black in males /short and brown in females) and long forked blackish tail with white undertail coverts. Females and immature birds are mainly greyish-brown with a light-brown belly. Both sexes have a black bill and relatively long grey legs. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects. In some regions their main source of food are the seeds of trees of the Genus Araucaria. These birds are not elegant fliers, however they sleep perched in branches. Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot. During the courtship, the male austral grouse do displays on a lek, each male have a “personal space”. The males strut around their chose space, doing a display. The display consists of the male posturing himself with the head near the ground. Then, they start to move it from right to left showing their crests, simultaneously they raising the tail feathers, showing their withe undertail coverts. After that, they will raise their heads abruptly and whilst make a highly distinctive mating call. When another male invade the personal space of other, a fight happens, in this case the male will try to take of the crest of the rival, this way they will not be capable to display for the females. The female usually lays approximately 12 spotted eggs. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground. Incubation lasts from 21–25 days, usually performed by the female and rarely by the male. The chicks are precocial, leaving the nest with their parents within hours of hatching. The male stay with the female until the young leave, with 3 months. The young reach sexual maturity with 1 year, with this age the young males acquire the coloration of an adult male. Their lifespan is of 27 years. In the forests of Tierra del Fuego another species lives, the Black boreal grouse (Tetraoinus nigrus). Their main difference to the other species is that the males have an all-black plumage, with only a faint shade of blue in the chest and brown undertail coverts. The females are similar to that of the common austral grouse. The males have 52 cm and the females 41 cm.[/more] I also have in this archive some names for possible species that I never developed bayond some few facts. Maybe someone could help me make their descriptions.
ìåäâåäü: Interesting rodent!
wovoka: Well, all the new characteristics of waterlily we have already discussed, may be you will describe it? Or better I will do it? About malanga I'm now collecting information. First of all I want to make its fruits eadible by parrots, because now they are poisoned for the birds. Other new characteristics I haven't yet come up with.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: Do you have any idea? If I make the fruits and seeds of malanga edible, the bat can collect them and thrown into the water, this will attract fry, and then the underwater mouse and the bat can catch fry together, one grabbing from under the water and the other from the air, preventing the fry from escaping.
ìåäâåäü: If I make the fruits and seeds of malanga edible, the bat can collect them and thrown into the water, this will attract fry, and then the underwater mouse and the bat can catch fry together, one grabbing from under the water and the other from the air, preventing the fry from escaping. Very interesting!
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Well, all the new characteristics of waterlily we have already discussed, may be you will describe it? Or better I will do it? About malanga I'm now collecting information. First of all I want to make its fruits eadible by parrots, because now they are poisoned for the birds. Other new characteristics I haven't yet come up with. What do you think of a parrot becoming imune to its toxins? It could be a descendant of the Forpus spengeli or Forpus modestus. Perhaps they could retain the toxins in their meat and and feather, becoming dangerous for predators to eat them. They could even become more colorful as an alert of its toxicity. wovoka ïèøåò: If I make the fruits and seeds of malanga edible, the bat can collect them and thrown into the water, this will attract fry, and then the underwater mouse and the bat can catch fry together, one grabbing from under the water and the other from the air, preventing the fry from escaping. Perhaps all the animals feeding of these fruits have some tolerance to the toxins in these plants? COuld be interesting to have an entire faunal group that became adaptedto survive around the waterlilies. The idea of the bat and mouse hunting fish togehter is interesting, but it would need us to have another species of bat. The ancestor could be the Noctilio albiventris.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: have an entire faunal group that became adaptedto survive around the waterlilies. Malanga it's not waterlily its this plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthosoma_sagittifolium It's almost edible, except fruits. Yes, it is VERY interesting ideas, but we have already TOO MUCH species for both chapters. Let us stop on it. I wanted to described the new bee pollinator of Malanga: Euglossa imperialis or Eulaema cingulata, but i decided to stop on one bee, that would pollinate and waterlily, and malanga. Artibeus phaeotis can eat nectar and insects, than it can learn to eat fry. Or let find such omnivourus bat that can eat nectar, fruits, seads, insects and fry. Or we should make such bat! Pionus menstruus - we make him eating crabs and shellfish, but now it is fruit and seed eating parrot, than it can eat fruits and seeds of Malanga. But I can make the seeds of Malanga a little bit less toxic. And than a parrot and the bat and even fry of some fishes eating this seeds will be a little toxic for predators and become more colorful as an alert of its toxicity.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Malanga it's not waterlily its this plant https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthosoma_sagittifolium It's almost edible, except fruits. Oh, I confused with the water lily. In this case, it'll not affect our original idea for the rodent. wovoka ïèøåò: Pionus menstruus - we make him eating crabs and shellfish, but now it is fruit and seed eating parrot, than it can eat fruits and seeds of Malanga. But I can make the seeds of Malanga a little bit less toxic. And than a parrot and the bat and even fry of some fishes eating this seeds will be a little toxic for predators and become more colorful as an alert of its toxicity. I think that we should leave the Pionus menstruus as the crustacean eating parrot. Then the parrot eating seeds and fruits (maybe imune to the poison) should be another species. If this species can't appear in the chapter, we can still make it. I like the idea of a poisonous parrot. The bat could remain the same species, but become more opportunist and can catch fish. Like how you proposed.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: I think that we should leave the Pionus menstruus as the crustacean eating parrot. Îê. JOrnitho ïèøåò: The bat could remain the same species, but become more opportunist and can catch fish. Like how you proposed. Agreed! JOrnitho ïèøåò: Then the parrot eating seeds and fruits (maybe imune to the poison) should be another species. If this species can't appear in the chapter, we can still make it. I like the idea of a poisonous parrot. Unfortunately, I still do not know the nature of the toxin, it is possible that it is dangerous only for the parrot that eats the fruit, but it is safe for the predator that will eat the poisoned parrot. So the idea with a poisonous parrot may not work ((( But in the forests of South America there are a huge number of really poisonous plants, so you can realize the idea of a poisonous parrot that has learned to eat the poisonous fruits of one or another poisonous plant anywhere on the continent. But we can't place it in the chapter for sure. The bestiary is really too overloaded. Unfortunately, I'll be very busy this week, so I won't be able to describe the plant until next week.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: But in the forests of South America there are a huge number of really poisonous plants, so you can realize the idea of a poisonous parrot that has learned to eat the poisonous fruits of one or another poisonous plant anywhere on the continent. But we can't place it in the chapter for sure. The bestiary is really too overloaded. I'll search for plants that could have fruits with toxins and their possible association with parrots. wovoka ïèøåò: Unfortunately, I'll be very busy this week, so I won't be able to describe the plant until next week. Ok! I'll work in the description of the bats.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: I'll search for plants that could have fruits with toxins and their possible association with parrots. Îê! JOrnitho ïèøåò: Ok! I'll work in the description of the bats. Thank you!
JOrnitho: I finished the Parerejai. I decided to change the ancestor for the Carollia perspicillata because it feeds from fruits, nectar and insects. This way it would fit our ideas for the chapter. Anyone have a good english name for it? I thought it could have one too. Parerejài (Parerejai marcrotis) Order:Chiroptera Family:Phyllostomidae Habitat:Northern South America, flooded forests, marshlands and woodlands with slow rivers. The Seba's short-tailed bat (Carollia perspicillata) was an opportunistic bat that inhabited the tropical forests of South America. The Parerejài, their descendants in the Neocene, continued to have a similar lifestyle. Inhabiting forests and marshlands of Northern South America, this bat feeds primarily on fruits, but opportunistically it'll eat insects, nectar, even fry and tadpoles. In Carib language, Parerejài means bat. This species has 10 to 15 cm of length. Unlike other bats, the female Parerejài is 30% larger and heavier than the male. They have greyish-brown fur over its upper body, with pale gray underparts and dark brown wing and tail membranes. It has long ears, a short muzzle, and a pointed triangular nose leaf. While most of its diet consists of fruits, nectar and insects will be consumed if the opportunity arises. They can bring back smaller fruit to their roosts, but will eat bigger fruits at the tree. Females will become more carnivorous when they are pregnant and nursing young. Some individuals will even visit vegetation near the water to hunt the fry that hide there. These females will wait in the vegetation for the young fish to reach the surface to eat plant material before pouncing and killing them. Some learned that by dropping fruits and seeds in such places, the fry will be attracted and come close. A similar strategy is used when they hunt tadpoles. Parerejái lives in colonies of 20 to 100 individuals in hollow trees and caves. These large colonies are formed by well delimited harems formed by a male, 10 to fifteen females and their offspring. The male defend their harem from others aggressively. They will roost during the day, and will forage at night. Foraging happens between nightfall and midnight, with females being active during the first half, while males during the whole period. Besides the harem, the colonies also gave bachelor roosts. Bachelor roosts are used by males without harems, with females joining seasonally. Males are territorial of their roosts, and will often fight other intruding males by means of boxing. Males follow a pattern of behavioral stages before fighting. This entails ear movements, head lifts, neck craning, wing unfolding, punch mimicking, and finally boxing with each other. Even though this is aggressive behavior, either male is allowed to stop fighting and leave the conflict, and injuries usually aren't worse than a few scrapes and bruises. Males will actively try to recruit females to mate with for their harems through the use of vocalization and hovering. This species reproduces during the entire year, but there is an increase in the births during the rainy season. Gestation periods are about 120 days, and young are born precocial. Newborns grow quickly, and reach full adult body weight after about 10–13 weeks, and will usually leave the parental harem after about 16 weeks. All females will reach sexual maturity by the time they're one year old, and males will reach sexual maturity within the first two years of being born. Mothers will communicate with their offspring through vocalization, with a mother being capable of discriminating between the calls of its offspring and the offspring of other females. They exhibit more maternal approach behaviors when hearing the calls of their own offspring, and more experienced mothers show more approach behavior as opposed to new mothers. However, this behavior isn't the same in males, who instead take a different approach to hearing the calls of their offspring. Differently of other bats, they are capable of recognizing their young. The sound of their vocalization will prompt the male to harass the mothers until they go to take care of the young, but won't go to attend to the young themselves. The Parerejai have a lifespan of 10 years, but many individuals perish in the first two years.
ìåäâåäü: Interesting bat! However, this behavior isn't the same in males, who instead take a different approach to hearing the calls of their offspring. They will harass the mothers until they go to take care of the young, but won't go to attend to the young themselves. Do any modern bats demonstrate such behaviour?
JOrnitho: ìåäâåäü ïèøåò: Do any modern bats demonstrate such behaviour? Yes, the Carollia perspicillata.
ìåäâåäü: Thanks! Could you give me any links?
JOrnitho: ìåäâåäü ïèøåò: Thanks! Could you give me any links? I think that I'll remove this information, though. Some articles said that males do it, but others say that they don't do it. Do you think that this Neocenic species could develop such habit?
wovoka: Very interesting bat!
ìåäâåäü: I think that I'll remove this information, though. Some articles said that males do it, but others say that they don't do it. Do you think that this Neocenic species could develop such habit? May be, but could you still search for more information on that?
JOrnitho: ìåäâåäü ïèøåò: May be, but could you still search for more information on that? Yes, I can.
JOrnitho: ìåäâåäü ïèøåò: May be, but could you still search for more information on that? I found another article that says that they observed males poking females when her young started to vocalize, then the mother flew to it. While the article is old, such a characteristic would be interesting to have in one of the Neocene animals. So, I thought that the large colonies of the Parerejai would be formed by several well delimited small harems of one dominant male and ten to fifteen females. Inside these small groups, the males will fight rivals that try to enter their harem and would also recognise the vocalization of their young. What do you think?
ìåäâåäü: I found another article that says that they observed males poking females when her young started to vocalize, then the mother flew to it. While the article is old, such a characteristic would be interesting to have in one of the Neocene animals. So, I thought that the large colonies of the Parerejai would be formed by several well delimited small harems of one dominant male and ten to fifteen females. Inside these small groups, the males will fight rivals that try to enter their harem and would also recognise the vocalization of their young. What do you think? It would be interesting!
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