Ôîðóì » Foreign section » Galliformes and other animals for South America (ïðîäîëæåíèå) » Îòâåòèòü
Galliformes and other animals for South America (ïðîäîëæåíèå)
JOrnitho: Hello! I'm back with ideas for some new species for South America. I found in my computer an archive with some ideas for fauna and flora that I had some time ago and decided to show there to ask your opinion about them. The first is about a descendant of the domestic chicken. [more]Copper jacumitan (Jacumita cuprinus) During the Holocene, the man introduced many species in other continents. The jacumitan is a descendant of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that are introduced in South America. It replaced the birds in the family Cracidae, which are extinct in the Neocene, in some areas. In a matter of fact, the name jacumitan is the junction of the words jacu, the popular name in Brazil for guans of the Genus Penelope, and the tupi word mitã (mitan) that means new, this way the name means “new guan”. The copper jacumitan is the type species of this genus and lives in the savannas and woodlands of Central South America. The copper jacumitan is sexually dysmorphic. The male measure 190 cm, due to the long tail, it has a bright coppery brown upperbody plumage and reddish-brown feathers below. They also have metallic dark green feathers on the tail and wings. Only males have a bright red naked skin on the face, with two wattles that conceal the sides of its head. This characteristic is shared by all males of the genus Jacumita. The males of the genus also have crests formed by white feathers with black tips. During courtship and panic moments, they rise the crests. The females have 75 cm of length and are cryptic brown and adapted to camouflage, its naked skin on the face is pale pink and don’t have flesh wattles. The young males are similar to the females until they reach 9 weeks, at this time the wattle begin to develop. Both sexes have long orange colored legs and grey beak. The males have spurs that they use in fights for dominance. The neck is long and slim. Copper jacumitans can fly, but prefer to run from the predators flying only as last resort. These birds are omnivorous and feed on insects, seeds, and fruits. Its forage for food by scratching the ground, usually near herbivores this way there is other animals observing for the presence of predators. Often the male sits on a high perch, to serve as a lookout for his group. He sounds an alarm call if predators are nearby. At night it will sleep perched on branches. Copper jacumitans are polygamous; the male will have a harem with 5 to 12 females and will guards the area where his females are nesting, and attack other males that enter his territory. To initiate courting, the males will dance in a circle around or near a female, raising their crests and lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. Then, he will vocalize and when she responds to his call, the male will mount her and proceed with the mating. The females make their nest in the ground, laying 6 to 14 red eggs which are incubated for 22 days. Chicks are precocious, leaving the nest shortly they are born. They fledge in about 4 to 5 weeks, and at 13 weeks old are chased out of the group by their mother, at which point the young males start to form a harem and the females join an existing one. Sexual maturity is reached at 6 months and the lifespan of this species is of 13 years, however is common for males to die early due to predation. Other species in the genus Jacumita are: Golden jacumitan (Jacumita aurea) Living in the forests of the Atlantic coast of South America, the males of this species has 200 cm of length, from beak to tail, while the females have 83 cm. The plumage of the male have a bright golden-yellow plumage in the upperparts, being scarlet in the chest and belly. They have dark metallic green wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Red jacumitan (Jacumita amazonica) Living in the "terra firme" forests of the Amazon , the males of this species has 185 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 70 cm. The plumage of male is bright orange-red in the upperparts, while their chest and belly is yellow. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Andean jacumitan (Jacumita andina) Living in the highland forests in the slopes of the Andes, the males of this species has 170 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 68 cm. The plumage of the males is white in the upperparts and yellowish-red in the belly and chest. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. This other one is about a descendant of the californian quail: Common austral grouse (Tetraoinus australis) During the Holocene, the man introduced many exotic species different habitats, the ancestor of the austral grouse was one of these species. Their ancestor was not a true grouse, but the Californian quail, due to evolutionary convergence they acquired characteristics similar to the true grouses of North America. Living in the forests of Southern South America, the male austral grouse are 55 cm long and the female have 44 cm of length. The male have a dark grey body plumage, black-and-white bridled head pattern, black back and a greyish-blue belly. They have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers that droops forward (long and black in males /short and brown in females) and long forked blackish tail with white undertail coverts. Females and immature birds are mainly greyish-brown with a light-brown belly. Both sexes have a black bill and relatively long grey legs. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects. In some regions their main source of food are the seeds of trees of the Genus Araucaria. These birds are not elegant fliers, however they sleep perched in branches. Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot. During the courtship, the male austral grouse do displays on a lek, each male have a “personal space”. The males strut around their chose space, doing a display. The display consists of the male posturing himself with the head near the ground. Then, they start to move it from right to left showing their crests, simultaneously they raising the tail feathers, showing their withe undertail coverts. After that, they will raise their heads abruptly and whilst make a highly distinctive mating call. When another male invade the personal space of other, a fight happens, in this case the male will try to take of the crest of the rival, this way they will not be capable to display for the females. The female usually lays approximately 12 spotted eggs. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground. Incubation lasts from 21–25 days, usually performed by the female and rarely by the male. The chicks are precocial, leaving the nest with their parents within hours of hatching. The male stay with the female until the young leave, with 3 months. The young reach sexual maturity with 1 year, with this age the young males acquire the coloration of an adult male. Their lifespan is of 27 years. In the forests of Tierra del Fuego another species lives, the Black boreal grouse (Tetraoinus nigrus). Their main difference to the other species is that the males have an all-black plumage, with only a faint shade of blue in the chest and brown undertail coverts. The females are similar to that of the common austral grouse. The males have 52 cm and the females 41 cm.[/more] I also have in this archive some names for possible species that I never developed bayond some few facts. Maybe someone could help me make their descriptions.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: I'm going to make another list, this time with the links. I already made their descriptions. Good bestiary! Let also save for neocene and this region Tangara cyanocephala. Very beautifull bird.
wovoka: Bestiary of migration of sea fish eating bats 1. Noctilio leporinus mastivus 2. Noctilio albiventris - can fly ahead of storm fronts, taking advantage of the abundance of Aeroplankton caused by air convection. 3. Hydrophis platurus. 4. Sphyraenesia ferox from neocene 5. Corvus ossifragus 6. Myctophum punctatum or Gonichthys cocco or Lobianchia gemellarii 7. Euphausia mutica or Thysanopoda tricuspidata 8. Aedes aegypti 9. Condylostylus longicornis 10. Halobates micans 11. Pontomyia 12. Danaus plexippus 13. Rhopalosiphum padi or Rhopalosiphum maidis as aeroplankton
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Let also save for neocene and this region Tangara cyanocephala. Very beautifull bird. Yes! They are beautiful! Their descendants could have some interesting characteristics. ìåäâåäü Do you have ideas for how these birds could be different from their ancestors?
JOrnitho: wovoka What do you think of this species? I thought that it could also appear in the Marvellous Forest chapter. The Puraheikai is a descendant of the Alouatta monkeys.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: Tangara cyanocephala We can call it atá–cará - word Tangara is from Tupi language atá–cará - to jump May be you need this for the names of your species? https://www.academia.edu/42639210/Dicion%C3%A1rio_Tupi_Guarani_Portugu%C3%AAs_Dicion%C3%A1rio_Tupi_Guarani_Portugu%C3%AAs https://cloudflare-ipfs.com/ipfs/bafykbzaceci5trzoi3a77uc7lsavw2guaqchwm3t2uo6ojyedvv7tckoashos?filename=[]%20Eduardo%20de%20Almeida%20Navarro,%20Ariano%20Suassuna%20-%20Dicion%C3%A1rio%20de%20tupi%20antigo:%20a%20l%C3%ADngua%20ind%C3%ADgena%20cl%C3%A1ssica%20do%20Brasil%20(2013,%20Global%20Editora).pdf JOrnitho ïèøåò: The Puraheikai is a descendant of the Alouatta monkeys. Good monkey!
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: We can call it atá–cará - word Tangara is from Tupi language atá–cará - to jump I like it! wovoka ïèøåò: May be you need this for the names of your species? https://www.academia.edu/42639210/Dicion%C3%A1rio_Tupi_Guarani_Portugu%C3%AAs_Dicion%C3%A1rio_Tupi_Guarani_Portugu%C3%AAs This is very good. I'll use it.
wovoka: Let us make something semiaquatic and collective from this animal Spalacopus cyanus in the mouth of the river Loa in Chile Also we can use Degú and Pudu for that region https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254337210_Small_mammals_of_the_Atacama_Desert_Chile
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Let us make something semiaquatic and collective from this animal Spalacopus cyanus They could eat water plants, while making their dens in the riverbanks. This species could live in colonies like prairie dogs. wovoka ïèøåò: Also we can use Degú and Pudu for that region The Degu could be a rabbit like animal that is efficient in making burrows, while the pudu could have some different type of antler. Other species that could appear is the monito del monte and the torrent duck.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: They could eat water plants, while making their dens in the riverbanks. This species could live in colonies like prairie dogs. Yes, thats was the idea. JOrnitho ïèøåò: The Degu could be a rabbit like animal that is efficient in making burrows, while the pudu could have some different type of antler. Other species that could appear is the monito del monte and the torrent duck. I support it. But we will return to this region later.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: Marvellous Forest You can make some megaphauna species for this forest. Parastrapotherium like tapir, the relative of tapirotherium. It can live in all southern forests of South America And great vampire bat for feed on the blood of megaphauna animals all over the South America. Like Desmodus draculae. Also describe please animals we invented, but not for specific chapters. Semi-aquatic amazon weasel which is adapted to hunt in the flooded areas of the Amazon, such as the igapós and hunt small semi-aquatic rodents. we decided to call it Eiba - weasel in Chibcha language, if it get from Amazonia to Orinoco and will get to the extensive swamps of the Orinoco Delta. A large (150-200 cm) river turtle like Stupendemys in the Pebas Mega-Wetlands, but in Amazon area. For Maracaibo I'll make little turtle, for feeding tapiraiaura.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: You can make some megaphauna species for this forest. Parastrapotherium like tapir, the relative of tapirotherium. It can live in all southern forests of South America And great vampire bat for feed on the blood of megaphauna animals all over the South America. Like Desmodus draculae. Good idea! We can use them in the chapter too. wovoka ïèøåò: Also describe please animals we invented, but not for specific chapters. I'll work on that today.
JOrnitho: I made the descriptions of the animals that we discussed: Atlantic mborevi (Neoastrapotherium fluminensis) Order: Perissodactyla Family: Tapiridae Habitat: Tropical forests of the Atlantic coast of South America, both in lowlands and in mountains. Even with the anthropogenic pressure over their habitats, the tapirs were able to survive in the Neocene. While being a relict group, they were able to develop different forms to fill niches that their ancestors never occupied. Among these new forms was the Genus Neoastrapotherium, a sister group to the larger Tapirotherium. Like the extinct Astrapotherium, the members of this genus are large-sized mammals that have a lifestyle similar to that of a rhinoceros. The type species of the group is the Atlantic mborevi, an inhabitant of the Atlantic forests of South America. Mborevi is a Tupi-guarani word that was used to name the tapir. The Atlantic mborevi is a large animal, with 250 to 300 cm of body length and stands between 95 to 120 cm at the shoulder. They have a weight ranging from 320 to 500 kg. Males are heavier and larger than the females. They have a trunk, which is shorter than that of their Tapirotherium relatives, but 30% longer than that of their ancestors. They are dark brown, paler in the face and underparts. The round, dark ears have distinctive light brown edges. The newborns have a light brown coat, with white stripes along the body. This species is herbivorous, foraging during the day. Using its mobile nose, it feeds on leaves, buds, shoots, and small branches it tears from trees, fruit and grasses. They also feed on the vast majority of seeds found in the forest. Given their size and weight, these animals can shake small trees to have access to fruits. They are also capable of getting in their rear legs to take food that is too high. Due to its capacity of changing the environment, they can be considered forest gardners. Atlantic mborevi live in small matriarchal herds formed by an older female and her sisters and daughters. Such groups rarely surpass more than 20 individuals. The males are solitary, only interacting with the females during the mating season. They move through well delimited trails, which could be in use for several years. Other animals will also use these paths. Besides being terrestrial, mborevi is an excellent swimmer and diver, but will only rarely visit rivers and lakes, preferring to remain most of the time under the cover of the trees in dense forests. Its reluctance to stay close to water and preference for dense forested areas makes this animal avoid competition with Barocavias. To maintain contact with each other in the dense forests, they constantly vocalize with whistle-blows, eeps and low frequency sounds. Females become sexually mature at the age of six to seven years, while males become sexually mature at about 10 years old. The gestation period is around 15–16 months. The calf, which typically weighs 40–60 kg, is weaned after about 15 months. Female calves stay in her mother herd, but the male will stay only for the first two to three years of their lives. The birth interval for this species is four to five years. Due to their size, mborevi have few predators, they can have a lifespan of 60 years. Another representative of the genus is the Austral mborevi (Neostrapotherium australis), an inhabitant of the South subtropical rainforests of South America. They are larger than their relatives of the Atlantic forest, having 300 to 350 cm of length and a height of 100 to 150 cm. They are black in the upperparts, with the fur becoming noticeably light brown on the underside, around the anal region, and on the cheeks. Their fur is also shaggier, helping them conserve the temperature during the winter. Also living in matriarchal herds, these animals leave trails that are used by other animals. Caoera (Desmodus caoera) Order: Chiroptera Family: Phyllostomidae Habitat: Tropical South America, from savannas to forests. The arrival of the Neocene had given South America a great number of Megafauna. Barocavias, Tapirotheriums and other large mammals now inhabit the continent and other animals evolved to take advantage of their presence. The common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus), famous for feeding on blood, found itself in an environment full of large sources of food. It allowed them to evolve in a large species, the Caoera. Inhabiting the tropical regions of South America, this animal is named after the vulture-sized vampire bat from the legends of the Mura people. The Caoera have 25 cm of length and can weigh up to 60 g, making it close in size and weight to the extinct Desmodus draculae, a species that lived in the Pleistocene of South American, when large sources of blood were also available. They have a wingspan of 60 to 70 cm. Caoera’s appearance isn't so different from their ancestor. They are short-haired, with dark gray fur on its undersides, demarcated from the light fur on its back. It has a deeply grooved lower lip, and a flat, leaf-shaped nose. A well-developed, clawed thumb on each wing is used to climb onto prey and to assist the animal in take-off. Like the common vampire bat, they can run using a unique, bounding gait in which the forelimbs are used instead of the hindlimbs to propel forward, as the wings are much more powerful than the legs. This species feeds primarily on mammalian blood, particularly that of Tapirotherium, Parastrapotherium and Barocavia. Female animals, particularly those in estrus, are more often targeted than males. hunt at night, using echolocation and olfaction to track down prey. They feed in a distance of 5 to 8 km from their roosts. When a bat selects a target, it lands on it, or jumps up onto it from the ground, usually targeting the rump, flank, or neck of its prey. Thanks to the heat sensors in the nose, they are able to detect blood vessels near the surface of the skin. It pierces the animal's skin with its teeth, biting away a small flap,and laps up the blood with its tongue, which has lateral grooves adapted to this purpose. The blood is kept from clotting by an anticoagulant in the saliva. They are protective of their host and will fend off other bats while feeding. It’s even worse with males, which do not tolerate another male when feeding. They can fight against each other fiercely, to the point of biting each other in the wings to tear the skin. Females will only scare any that try to approach. With the exception of mothers and their offspring, two bats will never feed on the same animal. However, they’ll share food with close related individuals. Male Caoera guard roosting sites that attract females, but females often switch roosts. During estrus, a female releases one egg. Mating usually lasts three to four minutes. The male bat mounts the female from the posterior end, grasps her back with his teeth, holds down her folded wings, and inseminates her. They are reproductively active year-round, although the number of conceptions and births peak in the rainy season. Females give birth to one offspring per pregnancy, following a gestation period of about seven months. The young are raised primarily by the females. Mothers leave their young to hunt, and call their young to feed upon returning. The young accompany their mothers to hunt at seven months, but are not fully weaned until ten months. Female offspring usually remain in their natal groups into adulthood, unless their mothers die or move. The occasional movements of unrelated females between groups leads to the formation of multiple matrilines within groups. Male offspring tend to live in their natal groups until they are one year old, sometimes being forced out by the resident adult males. This species has a lifespan of three to four years. Eiba, or aquatic weasel (Neogale natatorius) Order: Carnivora Family: Mustelidae Habitat: Amazon rainforest, flooded areas and calm river streams. This species can reach the regions of the Orinoco Delta. The anthropogenic onslaught over nature during the Holocene had damaged several ecosystems and brought several species to extinction. The Amazon weasel (Neogale africana) was one of these survivors and in the Neocene they gave rise to the Eiba, a semi-aquatic animal that inhabits the Amazon rainforest, with populations living in the Orinoco Delta. Their name means weasel in Chibcha language. The Eiba is a large species of weasel, measuring 45 to 56 cm in total length, including a tail 18 to 24 cm long. They have a typical body form for weasels, with a long, slender, torso and short legs and ears. They have a dense fur which is dark brown on the upper body, and is light buff on the underparts. A stripe of fur the same color as that on the upper body runs down the center of the chest and throat. The whiskers are short and the soles of the feet almost hairless. They have short webs between their fingers, which helps them swim after prey. During swimming, the Eiba propels itself primarily through undulating movements of the trunk. This species is an obligate carnivore, hunting most of their prey in the water. It has a preference for aquatic birds, rodents and amphibs, but will feed on fishes during the dry season, when they get stuck in small ponds. Crustacean will also be eaten, but more rarely. Eiba is a solitary species, with males and females only interacting during the mating season. The gestation period lasts 10 months, with actual embryonic development taking place only during the last four weeks of this period, an adaptation to timing births for the dry season, when food is more abundant. The female gives birth in dens in ground burrows, under stumps or beneath rock piles, usually away from the water to avoid being flooded. Litter size generally consists of 5 to 8 kits. The kits are born partially naked, blind and weighing 3 grams, about the same weight of a hummingbird. Their growth rate is rapid, as by the age of three weeks, the kits are well furred, can crawl outside the nest and eat meat. At this time, the kits weigh 21–27 grams. At five weeks of age, the kit's eyes open, and the young become physically active and vocal. Weaning begins at this stage, with the kits emerging from the nest and accompanying the mother on hunting trips a week later. The kits are fully grown by autumn, at which time the family disbands. The females are able to breed at 3–4 months of age, while males become sexually mature at 15–18 months. They have a lifespan of 9 years. Karumbeguasu, or giant wood turtle (Gigantochelys incredibilis) Order: Testudines Family: Habitat: Rivers of the Amazon Rainforest, reaching as far as the Orinoco Delta. The human actions during the Holocene caused the decline of many species. However the species that were resilient enough survived, with their descendants now living in the Neocene. Among these survivors was the black wood turtle (Rhinoclemmys funerea), which gave rise to the Karumbeguasu. This large turtle is an inhabitant of several rivers of the Amazon rainforest. Its name is formed by two words of the Guarani language: karumbe that means turtle and guasu that is large. The Karumbeguasu is one of the largest freshwater turtles of South America, with a shell having between 150 to 200 cm of length. The carapace is moderately depressed, with a vertebral keel in juveniles. The plastron is large, strongly angulated laterally in the young, convex in the adult. The head is rather small, with a pointed and upwards-tending snout. The fleet is webbed. The upper surface of the carapace and the soft parts are dark brown, while the plastron is yellowish. Head and neck are brown with reddish bases. Males in breeding coloration have a black head and neck with an orange dorsal surface and reddish yellow forelegs. This species is omnivorous, taking waterside plants and small animals such as fishes and crustaceans. Given its size, this turtle can also eat aquatic birds and medium sized mammals that are crossing the water. However, they have a greater preference for plants and will not miss the opportunity to eat fruits that fall from the trees in the water. Karumbeguasu are solitary, with the interactions between males and females only happening during the mating season, which happens during dry periods. During this period, the sandbanks where they lay their eggs aren’t covered by water anymore. The females can undertake long seasonal migrations of 50 to 60 miles to the areas where they were hatched. After encountering a female, the male uses head movements, nuzzling or biting to determine her receptiveness. Males can mate every year but the females mate every two to three years. They nest at night when the risk of predation and heat stress is lowest. The average size of their clutch is 110 eggs, but only 85% of them are viable. One female may lay as many as eight clutches in one breeding season. The eggs hatch in about 60 to 70 days. As with other reptiles, the nest's ambient temperature determines the sex of the hatchlings. After nightfall, they dig to the surface and walk to the river. The hatchlings have a more carnivorous diet, feeding on amphibs, crustaceans and small fish. They reach sexual maturity within 10 years and can live up to 100 years. However, many young are preyed on before reaching even one year.
ëÿãóøêà: JOrnitho Good animals, I add them to list.
wovoka: Good animals! But, Amazon mborevi - you sure he wouldn't compete with barocavias and tapirotherium, better settle such animal in south forests of South America. And latin name couldn't be Parastrapotherium, such genus already extinct. Maybe tapiroparastrapatherium or something like that. Here the maps of neocene, they have some mistakes, but it is the better that we have! These two maps are VERY BIG, better download them:
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: But, Amazon mborevi - you sure he wouldn't compete with barocavias and tapirotherium, better settle such animal in south forests of South America. Maybe it could be endemic to the Atlantic forest? I read that the Tapirotherium was present in more open areas and in Amazon rather than in the dense and mountainous forests in the Atlantic coast. I also thought that the Barocavia is more like a hippopotamus, while the mborevi would only visit the water occasionally, staying most of the time in dense forested areas and foraging at the day. I would replace the Amazonian species with one living in the temperate forests. It would be larger and shaggier. wovoka ïèøåò: And latin name couldn't be Parastrapotherium, such genus already extinct. Maybe tapiroparastrapatherium or something like that. I think that I'll go with the Neoastrapotherium, but it seems bland. Do you have any suggestion?
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: I would replace the Amazonian species with one living in the temperate forests. It would be larger and shaggier. That's better! JOrnitho ïèøåò: Neoastrapotherium Why not?
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: That's better! Ok! I edited to fit these new information.
JOrnitho: wovoka What do you thinknof a mongoose like marsupial in South America feeding of venemous animals, such as serpents? They would be imune to the venom.
ëÿãóøêà: JOrnitho I think it won't be, because we have invasive small indian moongooses and raccoons at South America. They won't let this niche to opossums.
wovoka: ëÿãóøêà ïèøåò: They won't let this niche to opossums. North American opossums (Didelphis virginiana) eating rattlesnakes, cottonmouths and vipers. They have complete immunity to the venom of these snakes. And this is the article about predation of southamerican opossum Didelphis marsupialis on the Rattlesnake https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272906985_Predation_by_the_Opossum_Didelphis_marsupialis_on_the_Rattlesnake_Crotalus_durissus May be we add this animal to the chapter of Maracaibo, he'll be eating water rattlesnakes in the Gulf and became like water opossum (yapok)? Will call him Parana-aware (sea opossum in carib). And also we forget fishes at all JOrnitho, please describe in more detail how the tapiryaura eats turtles, well, she bit the shell with her jaws, then what, she doesn’t chew the turtle along with the shell, how does she pick out the meat?
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