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Galliformes and other animals for South America (ïðîäîëæåíèå)
JOrnitho: Hello! I'm back with ideas for some new species for South America. I found in my computer an archive with some ideas for fauna and flora that I had some time ago and decided to show there to ask your opinion about them. The first is about a descendant of the domestic chicken. [more]Copper jacumitan (Jacumita cuprinus) During the Holocene, the man introduced many species in other continents. The jacumitan is a descendant of domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) that are introduced in South America. It replaced the birds in the family Cracidae, which are extinct in the Neocene, in some areas. In a matter of fact, the name jacumitan is the junction of the words jacu, the popular name in Brazil for guans of the Genus Penelope, and the tupi word mitã (mitan) that means new, this way the name means “new guan”. The copper jacumitan is the type species of this genus and lives in the savannas and woodlands of Central South America. The copper jacumitan is sexually dysmorphic. The male measure 190 cm, due to the long tail, it has a bright coppery brown upperbody plumage and reddish-brown feathers below. They also have metallic dark green feathers on the tail and wings. Only males have a bright red naked skin on the face, with two wattles that conceal the sides of its head. This characteristic is shared by all males of the genus Jacumita. The males of the genus also have crests formed by white feathers with black tips. During courtship and panic moments, they rise the crests. The females have 75 cm of length and are cryptic brown and adapted to camouflage, its naked skin on the face is pale pink and don’t have flesh wattles. The young males are similar to the females until they reach 9 weeks, at this time the wattle begin to develop. Both sexes have long orange colored legs and grey beak. The males have spurs that they use in fights for dominance. The neck is long and slim. Copper jacumitans can fly, but prefer to run from the predators flying only as last resort. These birds are omnivorous and feed on insects, seeds, and fruits. Its forage for food by scratching the ground, usually near herbivores this way there is other animals observing for the presence of predators. Often the male sits on a high perch, to serve as a lookout for his group. He sounds an alarm call if predators are nearby. At night it will sleep perched on branches. Copper jacumitans are polygamous; the male will have a harem with 5 to 12 females and will guards the area where his females are nesting, and attack other males that enter his territory. To initiate courting, the males will dance in a circle around or near a female, raising their crests and lowering the wing which is closest to the hen. Then, he will vocalize and when she responds to his call, the male will mount her and proceed with the mating. The females make their nest in the ground, laying 6 to 14 red eggs which are incubated for 22 days. Chicks are precocious, leaving the nest shortly they are born. They fledge in about 4 to 5 weeks, and at 13 weeks old are chased out of the group by their mother, at which point the young males start to form a harem and the females join an existing one. Sexual maturity is reached at 6 months and the lifespan of this species is of 13 years, however is common for males to die early due to predation. Other species in the genus Jacumita are: Golden jacumitan (Jacumita aurea) Living in the forests of the Atlantic coast of South America, the males of this species has 200 cm of length, from beak to tail, while the females have 83 cm. The plumage of the male have a bright golden-yellow plumage in the upperparts, being scarlet in the chest and belly. They have dark metallic green wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Red jacumitan (Jacumita amazonica) Living in the "terra firme" forests of the Amazon , the males of this species has 185 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 70 cm. The plumage of male is bright orange-red in the upperparts, while their chest and belly is yellow. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. Andean jacumitan (Jacumita andina) Living in the highland forests in the slopes of the Andes, the males of this species has 170 cm of length, from beak to tail, while females have 68 cm. The plumage of the males is white in the upperparts and yellowish-red in the belly and chest. The males also have dark metallic blue wing feathers and tail while the female is cryptic brown. This other one is about a descendant of the californian quail: Common austral grouse (Tetraoinus australis) During the Holocene, the man introduced many exotic species different habitats, the ancestor of the austral grouse was one of these species. Their ancestor was not a true grouse, but the Californian quail, due to evolutionary convergence they acquired characteristics similar to the true grouses of North America. Living in the forests of Southern South America, the male austral grouse are 55 cm long and the female have 44 cm of length. The male have a dark grey body plumage, black-and-white bridled head pattern, black back and a greyish-blue belly. They have a curving crest or plume, made of six feathers that droops forward (long and black in males /short and brown in females) and long forked blackish tail with white undertail coverts. Females and immature birds are mainly greyish-brown with a light-brown belly. Both sexes have a black bill and relatively long grey legs. Their diet consists mainly of seeds and leaves, but they also eat some berries and insects. In some regions their main source of food are the seeds of trees of the Genus Araucaria. These birds are not elegant fliers, however they sleep perched in branches. Given a choice, they will normally escape on foot. During the courtship, the male austral grouse do displays on a lek, each male have a “personal space”. The males strut around their chose space, doing a display. The display consists of the male posturing himself with the head near the ground. Then, they start to move it from right to left showing their crests, simultaneously they raising the tail feathers, showing their withe undertail coverts. After that, they will raise their heads abruptly and whilst make a highly distinctive mating call. When another male invade the personal space of other, a fight happens, in this case the male will try to take of the crest of the rival, this way they will not be capable to display for the females. The female usually lays approximately 12 spotted eggs. The nest is a shallow scrape lined with vegetation on the ground. Incubation lasts from 21–25 days, usually performed by the female and rarely by the male. The chicks are precocial, leaving the nest with their parents within hours of hatching. The male stay with the female until the young leave, with 3 months. The young reach sexual maturity with 1 year, with this age the young males acquire the coloration of an adult male. Their lifespan is of 27 years. In the forests of Tierra del Fuego another species lives, the Black boreal grouse (Tetraoinus nigrus). Their main difference to the other species is that the males have an all-black plumage, with only a faint shade of blue in the chest and brown undertail coverts. The females are similar to that of the common austral grouse. The males have 52 cm and the females 41 cm.[/more] I also have in this archive some names for possible species that I never developed bayond some few facts. Maybe someone could help me make their descriptions.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Well, doesn't it look like a micro wolf? Yes! What do you think of it hunting in groups? They could bring down lizards, frogs and other mammals this way. wovoka ïèøåò: 7. Some descendent of the rail (I've forgotten whom you had chosen) It was the clapper rail. wovoka ïèøåò: May be there will be one of this snakes, if you plan describing them? Perhaps an aquatic descendant of the rattlesnake? wovoka ïèøåò: Osprey is extinct in neocene. It may be Circus buffoni. It could be the Parabuteo unicinctus. This species is very widespread. Circus buffoni works too. wovoka ïèøåò: Parrot is Kotooro in wayuu language. If we make big water predatory parrot we can give him name Warulapai-Kotooro I like the idea of parrot feeding in the mangroves. It could eats crabs and shellfish. wovoka ïèøåò: I forgot someone? The descendant of Tachybaptus dominicus. It'll replace the sungrebe in the chapter.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: What do you think of it hunting in groups? They could bring down lizards, frogs and other mammals this way. Sounds interesting!!! And of course invertebrates too. JOrnitho ïèøåò: It was the clapper rail. Then it's name will be Sansaparu JOrnitho ïèøåò: Perhaps an aquatic descendant of the rattlesnake? Then only in the river or swamps, I think it couldn't live in salt water. JOrnitho ïèøåò: Parabuteo unicinctus It will be even better! JOrnitho ïèøåò: The descendant of Tachybaptus dominicus. It'll replace the sungrebe in the chapter. So we have two grebes in the chapter? Tachybaptus dominicus and Podilymbus podiceps May be better one of it will be sungrebe? JOrnitho ïèøåò: I like the idea of parrot feeding in the mangroves. It could eats crabs and shellfish. There is such in neocene also on Mauritius island - Carcinopsitta cancrivora. But let it be the same in Maracaibo region! So who will be the ancestor? Brotogeris jugularis or Pionus menstruus? Or you can find better contender?
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: So we have two grebes in the chapter? Tachybaptus dominicus and Podilymbus podiceps I didn’t notice Podilymbus podiceps in the list. It could be the one replacing the sungrebe in the chapter. wovoka ïèøåò: So who will be the ancestor? Brotogeris jugularis or Pionus menstruus? Or you can find better contender? Both are LC in conservation, so they have chances of surviving. I would say the Pionus menstruus, only because I love its color .
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: Tachybaptus dominicus So only this bird will be in the chapter? Other grebe and sungrebe will not? And as I propose it's name will be Kaarai – the name of any water bird species in Wayuu language (language of Guajiro Indians that living on the banks of Maracaibo lake) JOrnitho ïèøåò: because I love its color So do I I'll also describe Katipirüin wovoka ïèøåò: Katipirüin - descendent of Pyrocephalus obscurus (the name in wayuu language) - it will be catching flies, mosquitoes and different parasites on the bodies of barocavias and Cabiai-pyinko. Ok? What you desided, will you include in the chapter Teitei - descendent of Vanellus chilensis (the name in wayuu language)?
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: So only this bird will be in the chapter? Other grebe and sungrebe will not? I was reading more about it and had the idea of the Tachybaptus dominicus living in the Catatatumbo river, while the Podilymbus podiceps would be at Maracaibo Gulf and the sea, being a more marine species. The sungrebe would not appear, perhaps in another chapter. What do you think? wovoka ïèøåò: Ok? What you desided, will you include in the chapter Teitei - descendent of Vanellus chilensis (the name in wayuu language)? Ok! We could make something interesting with the Vanellus chilensis. This species is very widespread in South America. There is even a flock of it living in the farm behind my house.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: What do you think? Ok, as you wish JOrnitho ïèøåò: Ok! We could make something interesting with the Vanellus chilensis. Thanx! JOrnitho ïèøåò: There is even a flock of it living in the farm behind my house. Wow, it's cool
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Ok, as you wish I decided to change it again and have the Podilymbus podiceps being nocturnal. It would hunt in the Maracaibo gulf during the night. This would give a nocturnal side for the chapter. What do you think that could be its name?
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: What do you think that could be its name? Let it be Karala the name of some bird in wayuu language. I found the english-wayuu dictionary, there are a lot of words with meaning "bird", but unfortunately without the names of bird's species.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Let it be Karala the name of some bird in wayuu language. I found the english-wayuu dictionary, there are a lot of words with meaning "bird", but unfortunately without the names of bird's species. We could add a word that refer to night or nocturnal, since it would be part of its lifestyle.
wovoka: JOrnitho ïèøåò: We could add a word that refer to night or nocturnal, since it would be part of its lifestyle. night in wayuu language is just ai So the bird could be called Ai-Karala (night bird). Or Ai-Kaarai (night water bird). But, if you remember, we give the name Kaarai to Tachybaptus dominicus. Choose the name you better like!
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: Choose the name you better like! I'll use ai-karala. Also, it's the description of the jurumi that I told you: Jurumi, the arboreal anteater-armadillo (Jurumi myrmophagus) The human actions during the Holocene caused the decline of many species. In the Neocene, anteaters (Myrmecophagidae) died out, but new animals appeared and occupied their niche. One of these animals is the jurumi, a descendent of the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) that is adapted to a semi-arboreal lifestyle and to eat colonial insects. The name jurumi, means tamandua in the Guarani language. The jurumi lives in tropical and subtropical forests and woodlands of South America, from the Atlantic coast to the foothills of the Andes, including the Amazon rainforest . The jurumi has a head to body length of 47 cm and a tail with 68 cm. Jurumis have long ears and snout, but their eyes are small. This species depends on their hearing and smell to detect predators and to find food. The tongue is long and the saliva is sticky. Unlike their ancestors, the carapace of this species is reduced, being found only over the upper part of the back. The sides and lower back are exposed and covered by a short, pale grey fur. To protect themselves from predators, jurumis stand upright with their powerful forearms stretched showing their long claws. These animals can walk on all four, on the outside of the wrists to protect the claws, and upright as a biped, using the long tail to balance. The tail is semi-prehensile and is used to help climbing and also to give balance when they are in a tree. Jurumis eat ants and termites, but they can also feed on larvae of other insects, beetles, worms and occasionally eggs and carrion. These animals extract their prey by using their extremely strong fore limbs to rip open nests and their elongated snouts and long tongues to lick up the insects. This mammal is solitary and mainly nocturnal, but is occasionally active during the day. Jurumis nest in hollow tree trunks or in burrows, excavated by them using their strong forelimbs. Females are polyestrous; mating generally takes place in the dry season. The estrous cycle will last approximately about 42 days. Gestation ranges from 130 to 190 days. The female gives birth to triplets. After birth, the young remain in the burrow, living off the mother’s milk for about 4 months. They then begin to forage with the mother, eventually leaving after 1 year. Sexual maturity is reached at the age of 2 years. The lifespan of this species is of 18 years.
wovoka: Thank you for description of Jurumi! So I make the bestiary for the chapter "Common Home in the Land of Giant Piramides" about the termites and ants living in one giant termite mound in symbiosis in Brazil Cerrado. There will be: 1. two species of termites: hosts (the termites building giant mound 2-4 m) and inquilines (Inquilinitermes). 2. two species of ants: one species will be warriors, protecting the termite mounds, the second species will be like aphids, they will feed the warriors with their exudate for food. And may be carebara ants - http://www.lasius.narod.ru/antRef/2004-7.htm 3. Termites and ants will grow fungi. 4. one species of wasps. 5. the nest in termit mound of Melanerpes flavifrons. 6. Jurumi - distant relative of Shell anteater (Myrmedillo destructor) - http://www.sivatherium.narod.ru/2grclprd.htm#myrmedillo_destructor_en 7. giant armadillo - analogue of Glyptodont + Megatherium hybrid Tatútalymonduar (from Tupi: ta "bark, armor"; tu "dense"; taly ‘ant’; monduar ‘hunter’.) which specialized on very big termite mounds. 7. Hippotapirus terrensis http://www.sivatherium.narod.ru/mammals.htm#hippotapirus_terrensis_ru (May be I'll give it second name Kawayutapyra - horse-tapir in Tupi) 8. puma-like descendant of Leopardus braccatus - Kusariwara (in carib language) 9. descendent of Ameiva ameiva (Teiu-ombý from tupi language) 10. Mocó Pseudoargali - https://sivatherium.borda.ru/?1-0-1679732190407-00000144-000-10001-0#021 but Author didn't accept it, I have to redo the description. (the name will be Moco-Awesha - rodent-sheep in tupi) 11. Pyrearinus termitilluminans - https://elementy.ru/kartinka_dnya/1076/Svetyashchiysya_termitnik also there can be bats sleeping in a termite mound https://elementy.ru/kartinka_dnya/717/Letuchie_myshi_v_termitnike Some materials I will use in chapter https://goo.su/wUbhg https://goo.su/WyUewLL https://goo.su/rGHUG But i can't find any information of local termites, ants, wasps, termitophiles, myrmecophiles.
ìåäâåäü: Interesting! You are truly an expert in insects!
wovoka: ìåäâåäü ïèøåò: You are truly an expert in insects! No, friend, it is you truly expert in birds, and me just an amateur.
JOrnitho: wovoka ïèøåò: 8. puma-like descendant of Leopardus braccatus - Kusariwara (in carib language) This reminds me of an idea that I had for a puma-like descendant of the jaguarundi that would live in the Atlantic forests of South America. I have ideas for a chapter in this biome, more precisely happening in Rio de Janeiro. Maybe we could talk about it after finishing our other chapter ideas? The feline would be called Eyra (Genus Eyrailurus), a Tupi Guarani name for its ancestor, but that is also used for the tayra. If our ideas are conflicting with the same niche, what do you think if we merge them in only one animal for both Cerrado and Atlantic Forest? I'm leaving the description for you to give a look. Eyra (Eyrailurus pantheroides) Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Habitat: Atlantic forests of South America. The human actions during the Holocene caused the decline of many species. However some species survived and in the Neocene they gave rise to new species. The jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi) proved to be resilient enough to survive the anthropogenic onslaught. In North America it gave origin to the balam and in South America they gave origin to the eyra. The name eyra was used by indigenous people of Brazil to name the jaguarundi, but was also associated with the tayra (Eira barbara). The eyra inhabits the Atlantic forests of South America, both lowland and highland. They also inhabit the areas of Araucaria forests. Part of their Northern range is shared with the jaguarete, but they avoid competition by taking different prey. From nose to tail tip, the male eyra is 150 cm. The female is smaller, with 130 cm of length. If compared to the jaguarete, the eyra is less muscular and not as powerfully built. The coat is uniformly colored with at most a few faint markings on the face and the belly, though kittens are spotted for a short duration. Their fur is mostly dark gray with a grizzled look due to bright and dark rings on individual hairs. The eyra is a generalist, hypercarnivore. They prefer small to medium sized prey, avoiding the large prey that are prefered by the jaguarete. When these two species interact, the eyra will flee, even abandoning their prey. They will hunt reptiles, small rodents, fishes, monkeys, birds and deermaras. Although capable of sprinting, the eyra is typically an ambush predator. It stalks through brush and trees, across ledges, or other covered spots, before delivering a powerful leap onto the back of its prey and a suffocating neck bite. They are capable of breaking the neck of some of its smaller prey with a strong bite and momentum bearing the animal to the ground. Like almost all felines, the eyra is a mostly solitary animal. Only mothers and kittens stay together, with adults meeting rarely. While generally loners, they will reciprocally share kills with one another and organize themselves into small communities defined by the territories of dominant males. The animals within these areas socialize more frequently with each other than with outsiders. Male home ranges include or overlap with those of females but not with those of other males. Home ranges of females overlap slightly. Males create scrapes composed of leaves and duff with their hind feet, and mark them with urine and sometimes feces. The eyra can reproduce during the entire year. Females reach sexual maturity at the age of 18 months to three years and are in estrus for about eight days of a 23-day cycle and the gestation period is approximately 91 days. Both adult males and females may mate with multiple partners and a female's litter can have multiple paternities. Only females are involved in parenting. Litter size is between one and six cubs, with two being more common. Caves and other alcoves that offer protection are used as litter dens. Born blind, cubs are completely dependent on their mother at first, and begin to be weaned at around three months of age. As they grow, they begin to go out on forays with their mother, first visiting kill sites, and after six months beginning to hunt small prey on their own. Kitten survival rates are just over one per litter. Juveniles remain with their mothers for one to two years. When the females reaches estrous again, their offspring must disperse or the male will kill them. Males tend to disperse further than females. They have a lifespan of 16 years.
wovoka: Ok I found the great article https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/BF00380142 termites hosts building great mounds are Amitermes laurensis, their enemies meat ants Iridomyrmex sanguineus the ants defenders Camponotus but it's all in Australia I do not want to transfer the chapter to Australia , although there are all conditions for the implementation of my idea their. Ok, the termites mount builders will be some Brazilian species of Amitermes https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/taxonomy?country=BR&taxon_key=2007285 the ants like aphids with sweet exudate will be one of the Brazilian Megalomyrmex https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/map?country=BR&taxon_key=1316700 the some american Megalomyrmex ants can do it. The ants defenders will be some brazilian species of Camponotus https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/taxonomy?country=BR&taxon_key=1312361 Wasp nesting in the mound - Montezumia termitophila Bats nesting in the mound Phyllostomus hastatus and Lophostoma silvicola - nesting together. Ha, I found the article about Camponotus blandus and Pseudomyrmex termitarius (the last are farming fungi) and both are living in termite mounds in Brazil:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267510695_Evidences_of_Batesian_Mimicry_and_Parabiosis_in_Ants_of_the_Brazilian_Savanna Camponotus will be warriors, Pseudomyrmex will be fungi farmers, Megalomyrmex (what species ) will be "domestic cows" producing honeydew.
ìåäâåäü: No, friend, it is you truly expert in birds, and me just an amateur. Actually I am just a birdwatcher. I do not have any formal ornithological education. But I really read a lot about birds)
wovoka: ìåäâåäü ïèøåò: But I really read a lot about birds) And I'm just reading a lot about ants So some information about fungus gardens of Ants. We'll use it in the chapter https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14588 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4475879/ https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/a-more-varied-menu/ - not one but several species of fungus in one nest.
JOrnitho: ìåäâåäü ïèøåò: Actually I am just a birdwatcher. I do not have any formal ornithological education. But I really read a lot about birds) I'm a birdwatcher too! I'm a biologist and started working with birds during my graduation, but after the pandemic changed to mammalogy. My area of study at the moment is taxonomy of Oryzomyini rodents, hoping to apply for a Master degree next year.
wovoka: https://www.scielo.br/j/bjb/a/cB9GbgRcSD5xF93G7jgBvWb/?lang=en One more article about ants and termites coexisting in Murundus (big termite mounds), in some murundus can live 14 species (fourteen) of termites and minimum 3 species of ants.
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